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EYT yani emeklilik te yaşa takılanlar ile ilgili son dakika haberleri gelmeye devam ediyor. Peş peşe açıklamalar yapıldı. Son gelen açıklama Ak Parti tarafından yapıldı ve vatandaşlar umutlandı. Milyonlarca vatandaş bu haberi bekliyordu, şartlar belli oldu. Peki EYT'den kimler yararlanabilecek, kimler yararlanamayacak? Bu tarihe kadar sigortalı olanlar SSK , Bağkur, Emekli Sandığı fark etmeksizin tüm çalışanlar faydalanabilecek. İşte tüm detaylar...
MİLYONLARCA VATANDAŞ EYT'YE TAKILDI
EYT düzenlemesi ile alakalı mühim değerlendirmelerde tespit edilen Sosyal Güvenlik Uzmanı Özgür Erdursun , "Ülkemizde çalışma hayatının en mühim konularından bir tanesi Emeklilik te Yaşa Takılanlar. Şu anda aşağı yukarı 4 milyon 800 bin vatandaş EYT 'li. 8 Eylül 1999 tarihine kadar, bu sefer de sigortalı olanlarda yaş koşulu olmaksızın yalnızca prim günü ve sigortalılık gününü tamamlayıp emeklilik hayali kuran vatandaşların kademeli emeklilik sistemi ile birlikte emekli olmalarının zamanı kademeli olarak uzadı" dedi.
KİMLER, NDE ZAMAN EYT DÜZENLEMESİNDEN YARARLANABİLECEK?
Özgür Erdursun , "Düzenleme yaşama geçerse 8 Eylül 1999 tarihi dahil, bu tarihe kadar sigortalı olan SSK , Bağkur, Emekli Sandığı fark etmeksizin bütün çalışanlar faydalanabilecek" diye konuştu.
KİMLER EYT DÜZENLEMESİNDEN YARARLANAMAYACAK?
Prim gün sayısın eksik olanlar bu haktan faydalanamıyor. Erdursun, "8 Eylül 1999 tarihinden evvel sigortalı olan stajyer ve çırakların ilk işe başlama tarihi emeklilik te işe başlama tarihi sayılmıyor. Emeklilikte yaşa takılanlar kapsamına alınmıyor" ifadelerini kullandı.
Noyan Doğan da EYT ile alakalı merak edilenleri köşesine taşıdı. İşte Emeklilikte Yaşa Takılanları yakından ilgilendiren yazı...
Bu sene içerisinde bu hususta bir planlama yapılır ya da yapılmaz bilmiyorum ama şu EYT içeriğine açıklık getirmekte yarar var. Çünkü bakıyorsunuz, herkes kendisine göre emeklilik te yaşa takılıyor. Yeri gelmişken; doğrudur, EYT hususu bir süredir gündemde, üstünde konuşulup tartışılıyor, planlama yapılırsa maliyetinin ne olacağı hesaplanıyor, maliyetin düşük olması amacıyla de formüller bulunmaya çalışılıyor. Şunu da belirteyim, şayet bir planlama yapılırsa, öyle beklendiği gibi bütün emeklilikte yaşa takılanlar ı kapsamayacaktır.
1999 EYLÜL KRİTİK TARİH
Gelelim, kimlerin EYT 'li bulunduğuna. İlk sigortalı bulunduğu tarih 1999 yılının eylül ayından evvel olanlar emeklilik te yaşa takılıyorlar. Neden? Çünkü bu tarihten evvel sigortalıların emekli olabilmeleri bağlamında kadın alışanların 20 senelik sigortalılık zamanı ve 5 bin gün prim ödemiş olması gerekiyordu. Erkek çalışanların ise 25 senelik sigortalılık zamanı ve 5 bin gün prim ödemiş olması emeklilik amacıyla yeterliydi ve her iki kesim amacıyla de yaş koşulu aranmıyordu. Fakat 1999'un eylül ayında sosyal emniyet sisteminde oluşturulan değişiklikle sigortalılık zamanı ve prim gün adedine ek olarak emeklilik için bir de yaş koşulu getirildi. Emekli olabilmek için emeklilik yaşı kademeli olarak bayanlar için 58, erkek çalışanlar amacıyla da 60'a çekildi ve prim gün adedi da 7 bin güne çıkarıldı.
İşte bundan sonra da bu kişiler çalışma yılını ve prim gün sayısını doldursalar da emeklilikte yaşa takıldılar. Düzenlemenin başlarında bu durumdan etkilenenlerin sayısı azdı ancak zaman geçtikçe prim gün sayısını doldurup da emekli olamayanların sayısı artınca sorun haline geldi. Örneğin, 1997 yılında işe başlayan erkek bir çalışan, 25 yıllık sigorta süresi ve 5 bin prim gün ile emekli olacakken, yapılan düzenleme ile bu çalışanın prim gün sayısı 5900 güne çıkartıldı ve 57 yaş sınırı getirildi.
ÜÇ AYRI KESİM VAR
1999 yılındaki bir geceki düzenlemeden etkilenip de bundan dolayı emeklilik te yaşa takılanlar işin bir boyutu. Bir de düzenleme sonrası erkeklerde 25 yıl, kadınlarda 20 çalışma yılını doldurup, üstüne prim gün sayısını da tamamlayıp da yeni getirilen yaş şartı nedeniyle emekli olamayanlar var ki, bunlar da emeklilikte yaşa takılanlar . Ayrıca yine düzenleme sonrası sigorta girişi olup da ödemesi gereken prim gün sayısını veya çalışma yılını doldurup, gerekli yaşı doldurmadığından emekli olamayanlar var ki, bunlar da kendilerini emeklilikte yaşa takılanlar olarak görüyor. Daha açık bir anlatımla bugün emeklilikte yaşa takılan ya da takılacak olan üç ayrı kesim var. Peki, kaç kişi emeklilikte yaşa takılıyor? Tüm yaşa takılanların sayısı 6 milyonun biraz üzerinde ve bu sayı artacak. Ama 1999'daki düzenlemeden etkilenip de yaşa takılanların sayısı bir milyon kişi civarında.
YAŞA TAKILMA ŞARTLARI
Bu noktada kritik soru şu. Tüm bu kişiler sadece emeklilik te yaşa mı takılıyorlar, bir düzenleme yapılırsa tüm bu kişiler düzenlemeden yararlanabilir mi? Örneğin, 1999 yılından önce çalışmaya başlamış ancak 10 yıl çalışma süresi ve 3000 prim günü olan bir kadın çalışan, emeklilikte yaşa takılanlar a yönelik bir düzenleme yapılsa bundan yararlanabilir mi? Ya da yine 1999 önce işe başlamış ancak prim gün sayısını doldurmasına karşın 15 yıl çalışma süresi olan erkek sigortalı, çıkacak düzenlemeden yararlanıp, emekli olabilir mi? Bu örnekler okuyuculardan gelen sorular üzerine verdiğim örnekler.
Emekli olabilmek için gerekli prim gün sayısı ve çalışma yılını doldurmuş olmak gerekiyor ki, 1999 eylül öncesi için bu şartlar erkekler için 25 çalışma yılı, 5 bin prim gün; kadın çalışan için 20 yıl, 5 bin prim gün sayısı. Eğer bunlardan birisini yerine getiremiyorsanız sadece emeklilikte yaşa takılmıyorsunuz demektir ve bir düzenleme yapılsa bile bundan yararlanamazsınız. Peki, çalışma yılı tam olsa, prim gün sayısı eksik olsa; doğum ya da askerlik borçlanması yaparak eksik prim gün sayısı tamamlanarak, emeklilikte yaşa takılanlara yönelik yapılacak düzenlemeden yararlanılabilir mi? Yararlanılabilir ama ne yönde düzenleme yapılacağı henüz netlik kazanmış değil.
DÜZENLEME NASIL OLACAK?
Gelelim, EYT 'lilere yönelik nasıl bir düzenleme yapılacağına. Belirttiğim gibi henüz bir netlik yok ancak düzenlemenin dar kapsamlı olacağı tahmin ediliyor. Bu ne demek? Sigorta başlangıç tarihi baz alınmadan tüm yaşa takılanlara yönelik bir düzenleme olmayacak demek. İkincisi, yaşa takılma dışında diğer emeklilik için gerekli şartları yerine getirmeyenlere yönelik bir düzenleme olmayacak demek. Daha açık bir anlatımla 1999 yılındaki düzenlemeden etkilenip de prim gün sayısını ve çalışma yılını dolduran ve sadece yaşa takılanlara yönelik bir düzenleme olacak demektir. EYT'lilere yönelik tartışılan bir model ise bu kişilerin emekli aylıklarından belli oranda indirim yapılarak emeklilik hakkı verilmesi. Bu da daha düşük bir emekli aylığı anlamına geldiğinden çok da kabul görmeyen bir model.
EYT İÇİN 5 FORMÜL
Emeklilik te Yaşa Takılanlar (EYT ) konusu gündemdeki sıcaklığını korurken, gelen son dakika bilgilerine göre; EYT için 5 adımlı yol haritasının belirlendiği ortaya koydu. Sabah gazetesinde yer alan habere göre 5 formül üzerinde duruluyor. Önümüzdeki süreçte meclise gelmesi için hazırlıkları yapılan EYT için başta Almanya ve Finlandiya modeli olmak üzere diğer formüller de konuşuluyor. İşte masadaki 5 formül...
1- ) Kısmi emeklilik formülü
9 Eylül 1999 öncesinde sigortalı olanlar 10 yıl prim ödeyerek emekli olabiliyor. Buna kısmi emeklilik deniliyor. Böylece 3600 günü tamamlayanlar kadınsa 50 erkekse 55 yaşını da doldurmak şartıyla emekli solabiliyorlar. Emeklilik yaşını 3600 günü ya da 50-55 yaş şartını tamamladığı tarih belirliyor. Ancak EYT kapsamında 3600 günü olanlar için kadınsa 50 erkekse 55 yaşını tamamlayanların emekli edilmeleri bir formül olarak duruyor.
2 - ) Emeklilik için yaş yerine sigorta ve sigorta süresine bakılması formülü
Bu formülde ise 99 öncesindeki emeklilik şartları dikkate alınıyor. Yani kadınlarda 20 yıllık (7200 gün) erkeklerde ise 25 yıllık (9 bin gün) sigortalılık süresini tamamlayanların yaş şartına bakılmadan emekli olması durumu ortaya çıkıyor.
3 - ) Kademeli emeklilik formülü (Almanya modeli)
Almanya'da daha önce uygulanan formüle göre sigortalıya bir teklif sunuluyor. Emeklilik için kaç yıl kalmışsa her yıl için belli oranda kesinti yapılıyor. Burada kesinti oranı yıllık yüzde 2 oluyor. Yani emekliliğine 4 yıl kalmış birisinden yüzde 8 kesinti yapılıyor. Böylece daha az maaşla daha erken emeklilik ortaya çıkıyor.
4 - ) Prim tamamlayarak emekli olma
Buna göre; 9 Eylül 1999 öncesinde işe girenler için ilk sigortalı oldukları tarihe göre 5000 ile 5975 gün arasında prim gerekiyor. Burada primini tamamlayanların yaşına bakmadan hak sahibi olması durumu ortaya çıkıyor.
5 - ) Emekliliğe kadar maaş kesintisi, emeklilik şartları tamamlandığı maaş kesintisiz devam edilmesi - (Finlandiya modeli)
EYT'de bu modelde Almanya'da uygulanan sisteminde olduğu gibi belli oranda kesinti belirleniyor ve sigortalı kesintiyle erken emekli oluyor. Ancak yasanın söylediği yaşa gelip emeklilik şartları oluşunca kesinti ortadan kalkıyor.