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TRT 1 ekranlarında çok büyük ilgiyle takip edilen Diriliş Ertuğrul sezon finali yapmıştı. Şimdi sırada ise Diriliş Osman dizisi var. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun kuruluşunu konu edecek olan Diriliş Osman yine büyük bir ilgi çekecek. Osman ailesinin ilk olarak ortaya çıktığı, Sultanönü yerleşkesinde Kayı veya Kayı-ili adıyla köylere rastlanıyor. Egemenlik kuran diğer Türk boyları gibi Osmanlılar Kayı damgasını bir egemenlik sembolü olarak sikkelerinde ve önemli eşyada kullanmışlardır. M. Fuad Köprülü'ye göre Kayılar, Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk etnik çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur. Peki Osman Bey gerçekte kimdir? Osman Gazi nasıl ölmüştür?
OSMAN BEY KİMDİR?
İlk Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre Anadolu'ya gelen bir Türkmen boyuna mensup olup Söğüt uç (uc) bölgesine yerleşen Ertuğrul Gazi'nin oğludur. İbn Battûta adını Osmancuk şeklinde de verir. Ailenin menşei ve şeceresi kaynaklarda farklı şekillerde kayıtlıdır. Osman'ın babası Ertuğrul'a bağlı aşiretin Sultanöyüğü (Sultanönü)-Eskişehir bölgesinde sınır (uç) hattının en ileri kesiminde Söğüt'e nasıl ve ne zaman geldiği hakkındaki rivayet belirsizdir ve yanlış hâtıralar içerir. XV. yüzyıl Osmanlı kaynaklarından Neşrî'deki bir kayıtta Ertuğrul'un, aşiretiyle Sürmeli Çukur'a (Aras vadisi) kadar Anadolu ve Azerbaycan'da dolaştıktan sonra gelip Engüri'ye (Ankara) yakın Karacadağ'a indiği anlatılır (bugün Ankara'nın güneyindeki Karacadağ eteğinde tipik bir Türkmen köyü olan Yaraşlı vardır; buranın eski adı Gülşehri'dir; bu dağ üzerinde Karacadağ yaylasında Antikçağ'a ait önemli şehir arkeolojik araştırmalara konu olmuştur).
OSMAN BEY'LE İLGİLİ KAYNAKLARDAKİ BİLGİLER
Bazı tarihi kaynaklarda Ertuğrul Bey'in Alâeddin Keykubad'a bir savaşta yardımcı olduğu, sultan tarafından kendisine ilkin Karacadağ'da, ardından Söğüt'te yurt verildiği rivayeti yer alıyor. Ankara-Eskişehir uç bölgesinden hareket eden Ertuğrul'a en ileri hatta Söğüt'te yurtluk, Domaniç'te (Domalic) yaylak verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ertuğrul'un halkı Söğüt'te yerleşmiş olmakla beraber yazın sürüleri Domaniç'e yaylaya götürülüyordu.
OSMAN BEY DE ALPTİ
Kendisi de bir alp olan Osman'ın gazâ faaliyetine başladığı tarihten (683/1284 Kulaca fethi) önce Eskişehir ucunda durum şöyle idi: Bizans ile sınır Bilecik'te başlıyordu. Sultanöyüğü ile Bilecik arasındaki uç bölgesinde yerli tekfurlar Selçuklu sultanını tanıyor ve bölgede yaylak ve kışlakları olan Türkmenler ile barış içinde yaşıyordu. Ertuğrul'un merkezi Sultanöyüğü ucunda en ileri hatta Söğüt kasabası idi. Osman Bey , gençliğinde babası Ertuğrul ile Söğüt'te oturuyordu.
KAYI BOYU
Osman ailesinin ortaya çıktığı Sultanönü bölgesinde Kayı veya Kayı-ili adıyla köylere rastlanır. Hânedan kuran diğer Türk boyları gibi Osmanlılar Kayı damgasını bir egemenlik sembolü olarak sikkelerinde ve önemli eşyada kullanmışlardır. M. Fuad Köprülü'ye göre Kayılar, Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk etnik çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur
869'da (1465) kaleme alınan Düstûrnâme-i Enverî'de Oğuznâme kullanılarak Osman'ın şeceresi şöyle verilir: Gazan, Mîr Süleyman Alp, Şahmelik, Gündüz Alp ve Gökalp, Gündüz Alp oğlu Ertuğrul ve onun oğlu Osman.
Şükrullah'ın Behcetü't-tevârî?'ine göre Osman'ın soy kütüğü Oğuz, Gökalp, Kızıl Boğa, Kayaalp, Süleyman Şah, Ertuğrul şeklindedir. Karamânî Mehmed Paşa ise Oğuz Han, Kayık Alp, Sarkuk Alp, Gökalp, Gündüz Alp, Ertuğrul rivayetini benimser. Âşıkpaşazâde'de Oğuz, Gökalp, Basuk, Kayaalp, Süleyman Şah, Ertuğrul silsilesi bulunur. Neşrî'de soy kütüğü Süleyman Şah ve onun oğulları Sungur Tekin, Ertuğrul, Güdoğdu, Dündar olarak verilir.
Ertuğrul'un üç oğlu Saru Yatı, Osman ve Gündüz'dür. Bunların içinde bağımsız bir kaynağı kullanan Düstûrnâme farklı soy kütüğüyle dikkati çeker. Ertuğrul'un babası Gündüz Alp, onun babası Şahmelik, onun babası Mîr Süleyman Alp'tir. Mîr Süleyman Alp diğerlerinde Süleyman Şah olmuştur. Bu soy kütüğü ötekilere göre daha güvenilir görünmektedir.
OSMAN GAZİ'İN ALPLERİ
Osman Gazi 'nin başlangıçtan beri yoldaşları Turgut, Aykut, Saltuk, Hasan gibi alplerdir; alp unvanı gazi unvanı ile eş anlamda kullanılır. Alpler, Selçuk uç toplumunda Türkmen savaşçılarını sefere götüren deneyimli, iyi silâhlanmış kumandanlar durumundadır. Alp gaziler göçebe Türkmenler'i gazâ için örgütlemekte ve bu kuvvetlerle fetihler yaparak beylik kurmaktadırlar. 1300'lere kadar inen rivayetlerde bu süreç üzerinde açık kanıtlar bulunmaktadır.
KIZIL BÖRK
Yerel göçebe Türkmenler ile beraber Osman Gazi 'nin kuvvetleri çoğunlukla uzaklardan, Pachymeres'te Paflagonya'dan (Kastamonu yöresi) gazâ-doyum için gelen garip Türkmenler'di. Bunlar kızıl börk giyip savaşçı olarak ayrıcalık kazanıyor, böylece göçebe topluluğunda farklılaşma, çoban ve akıncı ayırımcılığı ortaya çıkıyordu.
ALPLAR KUMANDASINA GİRDİ
Başlangıçta alpler Osman Gazi ile birer yoldaş olarak seferler yapmaktaydı (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 99-100). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki Osman Gazi önemli başarılar kazanıp sivrilince uçlarda alpler onun kumandası altına girdi. Osman'ın seferlerinde alpler "yarar yoldaş" ve "nöker"leri idi. Osman, Eskişehir'den Bilecik ve Yenişehir'e kadar geniş bir ülke sahibi olduğunda (698/1299) İnönü'yü oğlu Orhan Bey'e, Yarhisar'ı Hasan Alp'e (Neşrî, I, 112), İnegöl'ü Turgut Alp'e verdi. Osman ile sefere giden Saltuk, Hasan ve Konur önde gelen alplerdir.
BİR ÇOK ŞEHİR VE KALEYİ ALDI
Bizans'tan Batı Anadolu topraklarını fetheden diğer beyler gibi Osman Gazi de 687-699 (1288-1299) döneminde, Selçuklu sınırları içinde haraçgüzâr tekfurlar elinde bırakılmış bölgeyi Karacahisar'dan Bilecik-Yenişehir'e kadar egemenliği ve kontrolü altına alarak birçok şehir ve kaleye hükmeden bir bey durumuna geldi. 1288-1299 döneminde Osman, Selçuklu sultanına haraç ödeyen yerel tekfurları (Göynük, Gölpazarı, Bilecik, Yenişehir, İnegöl, Yarhisar tekfurları) ortadan kaldırdı, daha sonra doğrudan doğruya Bitinya'da Bizans imparatorluk topraklarına karşı gazâ faaliyetine başladı.
BİR KISMI OSMAN BEY'İ BİR KISMI DÜNDAR BEY'İ DESTEKLEDİ
Neşrî'deki bir rivayete göre Ertuğrul'un ölümü üzerine Söğüt'te beylik sorunu ortaya çıkmıştı. Göçer evlerden bir bölüğü Osman'ı, bir bölüğü amcası Dündar'ı (Tündar) bey yapmak istiyordu (Neşrî, I, 78). Osman'ın kendi kabilesi onu tuttu. Bir araya gelindiğinde çoğunluk Osman'ı destekledi; bunun üzerine Dündar da ona uydu. 1299'a doğru Dündar Osman'ın kethüdâsı idi (vekili, bir çeşit vezir).
Osman, Bizans topraklarına karşı akın merkezi olarak Yenişehir'de yerleşip ailesini Bilecik'te bıraktıktan sonra bütün faaliyetini İznik'e yöneltti. İlk akınlardan sonra gelip İznik'i kuşattı. Bunun üzerine bir Bizans birliği İznik'i kurtarmak için harekete geçti. Bunu haber alan Osman Gazi onlarla Pachymeres'e göre 27 Temmuz 1302'de (Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre 701/1301-1302'de) Bapheus'ta (Koyunhisar) savaştı.
BAPHEUS ZAFERİ
Bapheus zaferiyle Osman, bütün Bitinya'da Bizans egemenliğini tehdit eden önemli bir siyasî-askerî güç olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bizans imparatoru Osman'ı durdurmak için İran'da Gazân Han'a, onun ölümünün ardından Olcaytu Han'a bir Bizanslı prensesi zevce olarak önermiş ve bir Moğol ordusunu tahrik etme girişiminde bulunmuştur.
ORDUSU 5 BİN KİŞİYE ULAŞTI
Bapheus ve Dimbos zaferlerinden sonra Osman, Bizans karşısında kendini güçlü hissediyor, Paflagonya ve Anadolu'nun diğer taraflarından gazâ ve doyum için akın akın bayrağı altına gelen yoldaşlarla ordusu sefer zamanı 5000 kişiye varmış bulunuyordu.
Bapheus'tan sonra Osman Gazi 'nin 1304 Sakarya seferinin İstanbul'da panik havası doğurduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Osmanlı menâkıbnâmesine göre Bilecik 1299'da ele geçirilmiş ve Bursa, Dimbos savaşından sonra 1303'te abluka altına alınmıştır.
Osman, beyliği ailenin diğer üyeleriyle birlikte idare eder görünmektedir. Karacahisar subaşılığını kardeşi Gündüz'e vermişti. Önemli siyasî kararları amcası Dündar'a danışırdı. 1303'te Bursa hisarını abluka için yaptırdığı havale kulelerinden birini kardeşinin oğlu Aktimur'a verdi. Osman, oğlu Orhan'ı kendi sağlığında deneyimli kumandanlar Akça Koca, Konuralp, Köse Mihal ile seferlere gönderip onu beylik için hazırlıyordu. Hasta olan Osman son yıllarında beyliği fiilen oğlu Orhan'a bırakmıştı.
OSMAN BEY'İN ÖLÜMÜ
Osmanlı rivayeti erken bir tarihten, 1305'ten sonra Osman'ın herhangi bir faaliyetinden söz etmez. Bu rivayetlerde Osman Bey 'in ayağında "nikris zahmeti" bulunduğu için işleri Orhan'a bıraktığından kendisinin yaşlanıp "mütekaid" olduğundan söz edilir (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 112; Neşrî, I, 136). Osman'ın ölüm tarihi Asporça Hatun ile Mekece vakfiyelerine göre belirlenebilir. Birincisinde Osman hayatta, ikincisinde vefat etmiş görünmektedir. Dolayısıyla Osman 724'te (1324) ölmüştür. Osmanlı rivayetine göre vefatında hicrî yıl hesabıyla altmış dokuz yaşındaydı ve yirmi yedi yıl hükümdarlık yapmıştı. Bu kayda göre doğumu 1257 olmalıdır.