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Sadaka veren kendine iyilik yapmış olur takvim.com.tr Kaynak GAZETE Giriş Tarihi : 28 Mayıs 2019
Sevgili Peygamberimiz bir gün, "Her Müslüman'ın sadaka vermesi gerekir" buyurdu. Bunu duyanlar bir an için şaşırdılar. Çünkü aralarında zengin olmadıkları için mal ile sadaka veremeyenler de vardı. Hemen sordular: "(Sadaka verecek mal) bulamayana ne dersin?" Allah Resulü, "Eliyle (emek verir) çalışır. Hem kendisi faydalanır, hem de sadaka verir." buyurdu. Sahabe tekrar, "Ya buna gücü yetmezse ne dersin?" diye sordular. "İhtiyaç sahibi, darda kalmış ve mazlum kimselere yardımcı olur." Sahabe tekrar, "Ya buna gücü yetmezse ne dersin?" diye sorunca Resulullah, iyiliği veya hayrı ister. "Bunu da yapmazsa ne dersin?" diye dördüncü kez sorunca, "Kötülükten uzak durur. Bu da bir sadakadır." buyurdular (Müslim, Zekat, 55).
GÖSTERİŞTEN KAÇINMALI Sadaka kelimesi sıdk (doğruluk), sadakat (özden bağlılık, samimiyet), sadık (dürüst ve samimi olan kişi) kelimeleri ile ortak kökten gelir. Bu anlamları ifade edebilecek bütün davranışları kapsar. Mesela, ibadet niyetiyle sadaka veren kimse Rabbine karşı, malından veren varlıklı kişi muhtaçlara karşı, evinin ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan eşine ve çocuklarına karşı yardımsever, ihtiyaç sahiplerine karşı sadakatini, samimiyetini, iyi niyetli olduğunu göstermektedir. Sadakayla ilgili olarak zikredilen başlıca kural ve tavsiyeler şunlardır: Sadaka verecek kişi niyetinde samimi olmalı, yalnız Allah'ın hoşnutluğunu gözetmeli, gösterişten kaçınmalı (el-Bakara 2/264, 272), sadakayı başa kakmamalı, sadaka alanı rencide etmemelidir (el-Bakara 2/262-263). Sadakayı açıktan vermek güzeldir, ancak gizlice vermek daha iyidir (el-Bakara 2/271). Sadaka verirken ihtiyaç sahibi yakınlar, yetimler, yoksullar, yolda kalmışlar, başkalarına el açma durumuna gelmiş olanlar ve özgürlüğüne kavuşmak isteyenler öncelikle görülüp gözetilmelidir (el-Bakara 2/177). Sadaka olarak verilecek mal helâl yoldan kazanılmış olmalı, verilecek kişiye en faydalı olanı seçilmelidir (el-Bakara 2/267). Kötü, çürük, yardım edilen kişinin ihtiyacını gideremeyecek derece bozuk şeylerin sadaka olarak verilmesi Kur'an ve Sünnet'te hoş karşılanmamış, İslâm âlimleri de bu tür şeylerin sadaka olamayacağını belirtmiştir.
NİYET VE SAMİMİYET Zekât ve sadakaları doğru yerlere ve gerçek ihtiyaçlılara ulaştırmak için gayret edilmeli. Bunun için gerekli özen gösterilmeli. Ancak asıl dikkat edilecek şey, niyet ve samimiyetimizdir. Sadaka hâlis niyetle verildiği takdirde, lâyık olmayan bir kimseye gitse bile onu veren, yine de sevaba nâil olur. Ebû Hureyre radıyallahu anh'den rivayet edildiğine göre Resûlullah sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem şöyle buyurdu: "(Vaktiyle) bir adam: -Ben mutlaka bir sadaka vereceğim; dedi. Geceleyin evinden sadakasını alıp çıktı ve onu bilmeden bir hırsızın eline tutuşturdu. Ertesi gün belde halkı: -(Hayret!) Bu gece bir hırsıza sadaka verilmiş!; diye konuşmaya başladı. Adam: -Allâh'ım! Sana hamdolsun. Ben mutlaka bir sadaka vereceğim; dedi. Yine sadakasını alarak evinden çıktı ve onu (bu sefer de bilmeden) kötü yola düşmüş bir kadının eline tutuşturdu. Ertesi gün halk: -(Olur şey değil!) Bu gece kötü yola düşmüş bir kadına sadaka verilmiş!; diye konuşmaya başladı. Adam: -Allâh'ım! kötü yola düşmüş bir kadına (da olsa) sadaka verdiğim için sana hamdolsun. Ben mutlaka yine sadaka vereceğim; dedi. (O gece, yine) sadakasını alıp evinden çıktı ve onu (bu defa da bilmeden) bir zenginin eline tutuşturdu. Ertesi gün halk: -(Bu ne iştir!) Bu gece de bir zengine sadaka verilmiş!; diye (hayretle) söylenmeye başladı. Adam: -Allâh'ım! Hırsıza, kötü yola düşmüş bir kadına ve zengine (de olsa) sadaka verebildiğim için sana hamdolsun; dedi. (Bu ihlâsı sebebiyle) uykusunda o adama: -Hırsıza verdiğin sadaka, belki onu yaptığı hırsızlıktan utandırıp vazgeçirecektir. Kötü yola düşmüş bir kadın belki yaptığından pişman olup iffetli bir kadın olacaktır. Zengin de belki bundan ibret alıp Allâh'ın kendisine verdiği maldan muhtaçlara dağıtacaktır; denildi." (Buhârî, Zekât, 14; Müslim, Zekât 78.)
KENDİMİZE İYİLİK YAPIYORUZ Sadaka vermek insanların imkan ve fiziki, durumları ile yakından ilgilidir. Varlıklı bir insan için mal ile tasaddukta bulunmak akla gelen ilk sadaka şekli iken, gücü kuvveti yerinde olan kişinin emeğini insanların hayrına sunması sadaka sevabına eriştirecektir. Yaşlı ve hasta bir kimsenin güzel bir nasihati, iyiliğe çağırması güzel bir sadaka iken, genç ve dinamik bir kimsenin de o yaşlıya göstereceği saygı ve hizmet yerinde bir sadakadır. Biz sadaka verirken aslında kendimize iyilik yapıyoruz. Sadaka ile malımız bereketleniyor. Kalbimiz huzur buluyor. Hayır, dua kazanıyoruz. Vereceğimiz sadakalar günahlarımıza kefaret oluyor. Bütün bunlardan sonra karşımızdaki insanlar vereceğimiz sadakalardan yararlanıyor. İşlediğimiz günahların bağışlanması için sadaka vermeyi bir alışkanlık hâline getirmeliyiz. Çünkü Yüce Rabbimiz, insanın tövbe ettikten sonra sadaka vermesinin onun yararına olacağını ifade buyurmaktadır.
ESMA-İ HÜSNA : VâCİD Rabbimizin bu isim dilediğini dilediği zaman bulan, bu hususta yardıma ihtiyaç duymayan demektir. Yarattığı hiçbir şey, hiçbir an Yüce Allah'ın bilgisi dışında kalamaz. Her şey O'nun gözü önünde olup bitmektedir. O'ndan kaçmak ve gizlenmek mümkün değildir. Kısacası Yüce Allah her şeyi, istediği an ve zamanda hemen bulur. Herhangi bir şeyi ele geçirmek için zaman kollamaya, tedbir almaya, tuzak kurmaya ihtiyacı yoktur. Hiçbir şey O'ndan kendini gizleyemez. İstediği şey, istediği zaman, derhâl huzurundadır; O'nun elinin ermeyeceği, gücünün yetmeyeceği bir noktaya kaçıp kurtulamaz. Bu nedenle kul kendisini asla Allah'tan ayrı zannetmemeli, her an huzurda olduğu bilincinde yaşamaya bakmalıdır. Vâcid isminden nasibi olan insanlar hayvanların rızık yollarını kapatmaz, insanların arayışlarına, ihtiyaçlarına ulaşmalarına ve yükselmelerine engel çıkartmazlar. Hasan-ı Basri'den: "Herkes kıymet verdiği şey her neyse onun üzerine titrer, onunla ilgilenir. Her kim dünyaya ait bir varlığa Allah'ı zikretmekten daha çok önem verirse bilsin ki ahireti olmayanın hakikatte dünyası da olmaz. Her kim dünyalık bir şeyi ahirete tercih ederse, onun ne dünyası ne de ahireti olur. Ve her kimin sözü güzel, fakat ameli çirkin olursa, o kimse nifak sahibi olur".
ZEKAT HESAPLANIRKEN HANGİ BORÇLAR DÜŞÜLÜR? Zekat vermekle yükümlü olan kişi, elindeki zekâta tâbi olan malından kul haklarına müteallik borçlarını düşer. Ancak günümüzde ödeme planı uzun bir takvime bağlanmış olan ve ileriki yıllarda düzenli olarak ödenecek olan kamu, TOKİ, kooperatif, kredi türü borçlar, bütünüyle zekât malından düşülmemelidir. Zira bu ödeme takvimleri 10-20 yıllık çok uzun vadeleri kapsamakta ve insanlar bu borçları hemen o yılda ödeme durumuyla karşı karşıya kalmamaktadırlar. Bu bakımdan kişinin elinde bulunan zekâta tabi mallardan, sadece "o zekât yılına ait olan birikmiş borçlar, vadesi o yıl içinde dolmuş veya dolacak olan ve dolayısıyla o zekât yılı içinde hemen ödenmesi gereken borçlar" düşülmelidir. Zira zekât, yıllık bir ibadettir.
FARKLI AYARDA ALTINI BULUNAN KİMSE ZEKATINI NASIL HESAPLAR? Zekat nisabının oluşması açısından altındaki ayar farkı önemli değildir. Çünkü hangi ayarda olursa olsun, sonuç itibariyle altın hükmündedir. Buna göre farklı ayarda da olsa sahip olunan bütün altın çeşitlerinin toplam ağırlıkları 80.18 grama ulaştığında, diğer şartları da taşıması hâlinde zekâta tâbidir. Ancak bu durumda farklı ayarlardaki altınların zekâtı, ayrı ayrı değerleri üzerinden hesaplanarak kırkta bir (% 2,5) oranında verilir
PROF.DR. ALİ KÖSE