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Cumhuriyeti için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Dünya tarihine geçen bu savaşta İngiliz, Anzak ve Fransız kuvvetleri Gelibolu Yarımadasını geçemeyerek askerlerini tahliye etmek zorunda kalmıştı. Her siperde ayrı bir destan yazan Türk askerleri, düşman askerine karşı mücadele vererek, emperyalizme karşı dünya literatürüne geçen destansı bir savaş vermişti. İşte, Çanakkale Zaferi anlamı ve önemi…
ÇANAKKALE ZAFERİ ANLAMI VE ÖNEMİ!
Çanakkale Savaşı veya Çanakkale Muharebeleri, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 1915–1916 yılları arasında Gelibolu Yarımadası'nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile İtilaf Devletleri arasında yapılan deniz ve kara muharebeleridir. İtilaf Devletleri; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti İstanbul'u alarak İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazlarının kontrolünü ele geçirmek, Rusya'yla güvenli bir erzak tedarik ve askeri ikmal yolu açmak, başkent İstanbul'u zapt etmek suretiyle Almanya'nın müttefiklerinden birini savaş dışı bırakarak İttifak Devletlerini zayıflatmak amaçları ile ilk hedef olarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nı seçmişlerdir. Ancak saldırıları başarısız olmuş ve geri çekilmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Kara ve deniz savaşı sonucunda iki taraf da çok ağır kayıplar vermiştir.
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Almanya'nın Rusya'ya savaş ilan ettiğı 1 Ağustos 1914'ün hemen ertesi günü, Almanya ile bir ittifak antlaşması imzalamıştır. Bu antlaşma, imparatorluğun eninde sonunda Almanya'nın ana gücünü oluşturduğu İttifak Devletleri safında fiilen savaşa gireceği anlamına gelmektedir. Enver Paşa, fiilen savaşa girmeyi, seferberliğin tamamlanmamış olması ve Çanakkale Boğazı savunmasının tamamlanmaması gibi gerekçelerle ertelemeye çalışmıştır. Ancak Almanya, bir an önce savaşa fiilen girilmesi için baskılarını sürdürmüştür. Bu baskılar, Akdeniz'de Britanya donanması önünden çekilen Goeben ve Breslau savaş gemilerinin İstanbul'a gelmesiyle bir oldubittiye getirilmişti. Daha sonra Osmanlı Donanması'na bağlı bir grup gemiyle Karadeniz'e açılan bu gemiler 27 Ekim 1914 tarihinde Rus limanlarını bombalayınca Rusya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na savaş ilan etmiştir.
Birleşik Krallık Savaş Konseyi sektereri Albay Hankey Winston Churchill 'in de desteğiyle, 1914 yılı Eylül ayında Çanakkale Boğazı'nın donanmayla geçilerek İstanbul'un işgalini öngören bir planı savaş konseyine sunmuştur. Plan, çeşitli evrelerden geçerek uygulamaya kondu ve Birleşik Krallık ve Fransa gemilerinden oluşan bir donanmanın Boğaz'a geniş çaplı saldırıları 1915 Şubat ayında başlatıldı. Özellikle 19 Şubat 1915 ve 25 Şubat 1915 bombardımanları sonucu Müstahkem Mevki Komutanı Cevat Çobanlı giriş tabyalarının geri hatta çekilmesi emrini uygulatmıştır. En güçlü saldırı ise 18 Mart 1915 günü uygulamaya konuldu. Ancak Birleşik Donanma ağır kayıplara uğradı ve deniz harekatından vazgeçmek zorunda kalındı.
Deniz harekatıyla İstanbul'a ulaşılamayacağı anlaşılınca bir kara harekatıyla Çanakkale Boğazı'ndaki Osmanlı sahil topçu bataryalarını ele geçirmek planı gündeme getirilmiştir. Bu plan çerçevesinde hazırlanan Britanya ve Fransa kuvvetleri 25 Nisan 1915 şafağında Gelibolu Yarımadası'nın güneyinde beş noktada karaya çıkarılmıştır. Britanya ve Fransa çıkarma kuvvetleri her ne kadar Seddülbahir ve Arıburnu sahillerinde köprübaşları oluşturmayı başardılarsa da Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin inatçı savunmaları ve zaman zaman giriştikleri karşı taarruzlar sonucunda Gelibolu Yarımadası'nı işgalde başarılı olamadılar. Bunun üzerine sahildeki kuvvetler takviye edilmek için Arıburnu'nun kuzeyinde Suvla Koyu'na 6 Ağustos 1915 tarihinde yeni kuvvetlerle bir üçüncü çıkarma yapılmıştır. Ancak 9 Ağustos'ta Kurmay Albay Mustafa Kemal'in Birinci Anafartalar Muharebesi olarak bilinen karşı taarruzunda İngiliz Komutanlığı ihtiyat tümenini ateş hattına sürerek sahilde tutunmayı ancak başarabilmiştir. Mustafa Kemal ertesi gün Kocaçimentepe – Conk Bayırı hattında yeni bir karşı taarruz gerçekleştirmişti, bu hattaki Anzak birliklerini de geri atmıştır. Britanya ve Anzak kuvvetlerinin İkinci Anafartalar Muharebesi olarak bilinen genel taarruzları ise Osmanlı savunmasını aşamamıştır. Tüm bu gelişmelerin sonrasında İngiliz, Anzak ve Fransız kuvvetleri Gelibolu Yarımadasını 1915 yılı Aralık ayı içinde tahliye etmiştir.
18 MART ÇANAKKALE ZAFERİ SÖZLERİ:
Çanakkale Zaferi Hakkında Ünlü Kişilerin Söyledikleri :
* Benimle beraber burada muharebe eden bütün askerler kesin olarak bilmelidir ki bize verilen namus görevini eksiksiz yapmak için bir adım geri gitmek yoktur. Uyku, dinlenme aramanın, bu dinlenmeden yalnız bizim değil, bütün milletimizin sonsuza kadar mahrum kalmasına sebep olacağını hepinize hatırlatırım. (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)
* Çanakkale Zaferi, Türk askerinin ruh kudretini gösteren şayanı hayret ve tebrik bir misaldir. Emin olmalısınız ki, Çanakkale Muharebelerini kazandıran bu yüksek ruhtur. (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)
* Harpte iki meş'um (uğursuz) şey vardır. Bunlardan biri taş duvara körükörüne yüklenmek, diğeri kuvvetleri birtakım ayrı ve bağlantısız harekata dağıtıp körletmektir. Biz bu iki ahmaklığı yapmanın tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyayız. (İngiliz Başbakanı Asquith)
* Ordunun yardımı olmaksızın Filo'nun başarı sağlayabileceği ümidine kapılmıştım; fakat şimdi bu işte müşterek bir harekatın zorunlu olduğunu anlıyorum. (Churchill)
* Türkler, Çanakkale'yi zorlayan çağının en ileri tekniğine sahip güçler karşısına adeta bir kale gibi dikilmişlerdir. (Churchill)
* Bu Türk kıtaatının cesaret, metanet ve se'bat cihetiyle takdir ve senaya liyakati, her şüphenin fevkinde bulunmuştur. Donanmasının ateşiyle de, en müessir surette muavenet gören pek cesur bir düşman taarruzlarına karşı sayısız muharebelerde bu kıtaat mevkilerini muhafaza etmişlerdir. (Alman Generali Uman von Sanders)
* Avrupa'da hiçbir asker yoktur ki, bu ifadenin altını çiziyorum, * Türklerle mukayese edilebilsin. Almanların müdafaada gayet iyi oldukları kabul olunabilir. Fakat siperlerde onlar dahi Türklerle kıyas edilemez. Misal olarak Gelibolu'yu zikretmek isterim. Orada bizim gemi ateşlerimizle büyük zayiata uğrayan kıtalar, Türk olmasalardı. Yerlerinde kalamaz ve derhal değiştirilirlerdi. Halbuki, Türkler, bütün muharebe müddetince yerlerinde kaldılar. (General Tawshend)
* Çanakkale Boğazı'ndaki Türkler ve Almanlar da 18 Mart'ı aralıksız takip eden sessiz günler, şaşkınlık ve sonra da, büyük bir sevinç uyandırdı. Moral, son derece yüksekti. Kaleler ve tabyalardaki hasar da kolaylıkla giderilmiş olmakla beraber, ağır bataryaların cephane durumu-ciddiyetini koruyordu. (Robert Rhodes James)