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Tilavet secdesi kılınışı nasıldır sorusu mübarek Ramazan ayında ibadet vazifelerini yerine getirmek isteyenler tarafından araştırılıyor. Tilavet secdesi nasıl ve ne zaman yapılır, ne okunur? Tilavet secdesi, Kur'an-ı Kerim'de on dört yerde geçen secde ayetlerinden birini okumak veya işitmek durumunda yapılan secdeye denmektedir. Peki, Tilavet secdesi nasıl ve ne zaman yapılır, ne okunur?
Peygamberimizin, içinde secde ayeti bulunan bir sûre okuduğunda secde ettiği, sahabenin de onunla birlikte secde ettiği ve bazılarının alınlarını koyacak yer bulamadıkları rivayeti yanında bu konuya ilişkin olarak Peygamberimizin şöyle buyurduğu rivayet olunmaktadır:
"Âdemoğlu secde ayetini okuyup secde edince, şeytan ağlar ve 'Vay benim halime! Âdemoğlu secde etmekle emrolundu ve hemen secde etti; cennet onundur. Ben ise secde etmekle emrolundum, ama secde etmekten kaçındım, bundan dolayı cehennem benimdir' diyerek oradan kaçar" (Müslim, "Îmân", 35).
Secde ayetlerinin bir kısmında genel olarak müşriklerin yüce yaratıcının karşısında boyun bükmekten ve secde etmekten kaçındıkları anlatılmakta, bir kısmında ise müminler/muhataplar doğrudan secde etmekle emr olunmaktadır. Secde ayetlerinin bu muhtevası göz önünde bulundurulursa, bu âyetleri okuyan veya işiten kimsenin secde yapması, hem emre itaat etmek hem de secde etmekten kaçınanlara tepki göstermek ve muhalefet etmek anlamına gelmektedir.
TİLAVET SECDESİ NASIL YAPILIR?
Tilâvet secdesi şöyle yapılır: Başta, tilâvet secdesi yapacak kişinin abdestli, üstünün başının temiz ve avret yerlerinin de örtülü olması şarttır. Tilâvet secdesi yapmak niyetiyle abdestli olarak kıbleye dönülür ve eller kaldırılmaksızın "Allâhüekber" diyerek secdeye varılır. Üç kere "Sübhâne rabbiye'l-a'lâ" denildikten sonra yine Allâhüekber diyerek kalkılır. Bu secdede asıl olan, yüzün yere konulması, yani secde edilmesidir. Secdeye giderken ve kalkarken "Allâhüekber" ve secde esnasında "Sübhâne rabbiye'l-a'lâ" denilmesi sünnettir. Aynı şekilde secdenin oturduğu yerden değil de, ayaktan yere inilerek yapılması, secde yapıp oturmak yerine ayağa kalkılması ve secdeden kalkarken "gufrâneke rabbenâ ve ileyke'l-masîr" denilmesi müstehaptır.
NE ZAMAN TİLAVET SECDESİ YAPILIR?
Tilâvet secdesini hemen yerine getirmek mecburiyeti olmamakla birlikte, bu secdenin anlamına ve amacına uygun olan davranış, mümkünse secdenin hemen o anda yapılmasıdır. Meselâ, arabada giderken tilâvet secdesi yapması gereken kimse bunu ima ile yapabilir.
Bir toplulukta Kur'an okunurken secde âyeti okunmuşsa, Kur'an okuyan kişinin kendisi öne geçerek tilâvet secdesini topluca yaptırması güzel olur. Bu secde yapılırken kadınlarla aynı hizada durulmuş olması problem teşkil etmez. Fakat herkes istediği gibi, bulunduğu yerde tek tek de secde yapabilir. Secde âyetinin namazda okunması durumunda tilâvet secdesinin nasıl yapılacağı hususunda öteden beri birçok görüş öne sürülmüş ve birtakım öneriler getirilmiştir. Genel olarak söylemek gerekirse, secde âyeti Alak sûresinde (96/19) olduğu gibi rek'atın sonuna tesadüf ediyorsa, tilâvet secdesi namaz secdeleriyle yerine getirilmiş olur; namazdan sonra ayrıca tilâvet secdesi yapılmaz. Hatta Hanefî mezhebinde, niyet etmesi durumunda, yapacağı rükûun da tilâvet secdesi yerine geçeceği kabul edilmiştir.
Secde âyetini okuduktan sonra okumaya daha devam edecekse tilâvet secdesine varıp kalkması gerekir. Âlimlerin bu görüşlerine rağmen, elimizde Hz. Peygamber'in namazda tilâvet secdesi yaptığına ilişkin sağlıklı bilgi bulunmadığı gibi, namazdaki kişiden ayrıca bir de tilâvet secdesi yapmasını istemek yukarıda ortaya konulan anlam ve amaç çerçevesi içerisinde tutarlı ve gerekli değildir. Çünkü namaza durmuş olan kimse, lisân-ı hâl ile, zaten yaratıcısına karşı bir muhalefet içerisinde olmadığını, aksine bir boyun büküş ve tevazu içerisinde olduğunu göstermekte ve ayrıca namaz gereği rükû ve secde yapmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, namaz esnasında yapacağı secdelerin aynı zamanda tilâvet secdesi görevi de göreceğini söylemek daha mâkul ve namaz disiplini bakımından daha uygun gözükmektedir.
Secde âyetlerinin hangileri olduğunu görmek için şu âyetlere bakılması ve bu âyetlerin meâllerinin okunması uygun olur: el-A'raf 7/206; er-Ra'd 13/15; en-Nahl 16/49; el-İsrâ 17/107; el-Meryem 19/58; el-Hac 22/18; elFurkan 25/60; en-Neml 27/25; es-Secde 32/15; Fussılet 41/37; Sâd 38/24; en-Necm 53/62; el-İnşikak 84/21; el-Alak 96/19.
TİLAVET SECDESİ NEDEN YAPMAK GEREKİR?
Bu bakımdan, tilâvet secdesiyle yükümlü olabilmek için her şeyden önce, dinlenen âyetin secde âyeti olduğunun bilinmesi gerekir. Dinlediği âyetler arasında secde ayeti bulunduğunu bilmeyen kişinin secde etmesi gerekmez. Meselâ teyp, radyo ve televizyonda okunan Kur'an'ı dinlerken secde âyeti geçse ve dinleyen kişi bunun secde âyeti olduğunu bilmiyorsa onun secde etmesini beklemek doğru olmaz. Fakat okunan Kur'an'ın meâli veriliyorsa ve dinleyen kişi üslûptan veya lafızdan secde etmenin uygun olacağını çıkarıyorsa secde etmesi gerekir. Çünkü ya bütün mahlûkatın Allah'ı tesbih ve tâzim ettiği, iyi kullarının Allah'a secde ettikleri anlatılıyordur, ya da müşriklerin secde etmekten kaçındıkları söz konusu edilmiştir. Her iki halde de dinleyen kişinin, içinden müminlerin secde edişini tasvip, inanmayanların itaatsizliğini ise tekzip etmesi, bu duygusunun bir gösterimi ve dışa vurumu olarak da secde etmesi gerekir. Âlimlerin, secde âyetini telaffuz etmeksizin sadece gözüyle süzen kişinin secde etmesinin gerekmeyeceğini söylemeleri, gözüyle süzmenin okuma sayılıp sayılmayacağı tartışması yanında, secde âyetinin açıktan okunup ardından secde edilmesinin meydana getireceği izlenim ile de ilgilidir.
Secde âyetini okuyan veya işiten her mükellefin secde etmesi gerekir. Tilâvet secdesi, ibadet içeriğinin ötesinde bir inanç anlamı ve bağlantısı içerdiği için, abdestsiz olan kişilerin, hatta hayızlı kadınların hemen secdeye kapanmalarının mümkün hatta gerekli olduğunu söyleyenler olmuşsa da, âlimlerin çoğunluğu tilâvet secdesi için abdest şartında ısrar etmişlerdir. Tilâvet secdesi yapmak, Hanefîler'e göre vâcip, diğer üç mezhebe göre ise sünnettir.