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İstanbul 'da barajların doluluk oranı beklenen mevsimsel yağışların gelmemesiyle bugün yüzde 19.35 seviyelerine indi. Beklenen bulutların yağış bırakmaması neticesinde Ekim ayından bu yana İstanbul, yüzde 50 oranında su kaybetti. Bu durumda ise zaman zaman "yağmur bombası" adıyla bilinen "yağmur artırım projesinin" kullanılmasını gündeme geliyor. Ancak bazı meteoroloji uzmanları bu konuda farklı görüşlere sahip.
"YAĞIŞ ARTIRIMIDIR BU" İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) Meteoroloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Orhan Şen , "yağmur bombası nın" ne olduğu konusunda, şunları söyledi: "Yağmur bombası lafı çok eskiden kalma. Bu iş eskiden roketlerle yapılıyormuş. Dağın yamacından buluta doğru bir roket atıp arkasında barut yerine gümüş iyodür varmış.
Ama o artık kalmadı. Teknoloji o kadar gelişti ki 1980-70'lerde hatta 50'lerdeki teknolojiler yok oldu. Şimdi daha yeni teknolojilerle yapılıyor. Bunun ismi 'yağmur bombası' olarak anılıyor ama esasında öyle değil, yağış artırımıdır bu. Yani bir yağış varsa onu artırmaktır buradaki amaç. Bir bulutun içerisinde sıvı su miktarı var bir de tanecik miktarı var, buz kristalleri vardır.
Bu sıvı su tanecikleri birbirileri ile birleşmezler. Birleşmesi, büyümesi lazım ki çekim kuvveti etkisine girsin, yağmur olarak düşsün. Bu ancak tanecik etrafında birleşir bu su zerrecikleri. O da orada bulunan buz tanecikleri, hava kirliliği tanecikleri, biraz daha mikro çaplı, tuzlar gibi bunlarla su zerrecikleri birleşir 30 tanesi birleşir bir damla olur.
Bu şekilde aşağıya iner. Bu bulutun içerisinde eğer bu tanecik miktarı az ise yağışa geçme ihtimali azalır. Bu su zerreciklerinin üzerinde toplanacak zerreciği bulamazlarsa buldukları kadar yağmur damlası oluştururlar. İşte bu durumda yapay yağış ya da yağış artırımı projelerinde bunlar ölçülür. İçinde ne kadar sıvı su miktarı var ne kadar tanecik var. eğer tanecik eksikse bunun içerisine gümüş iyodür bırakılır. Gümüş iyodür de bir fişek halindedir, yakılarak bırakılır."
"EKSİK YAĞIŞI BURADA YERİNE GETİREBİLİRSİNİZ" "Bu bir kuraklığa çare değildir. Kuraklığı yağış artırım projesiyle çözeceğim derseniz olmaz bu iş. Bu enstantane bir çözümdür." diyen Prof. Dr. Orhan Şen , şöyle devam etti: "Yani suyunuz kalmamış, bitmek üzere, 'ne yapayım ben, üzerine nasıl ilave edilir, deniz suyundan arıtarak mı alayım; o da olabilir, o da enstantane çözümdür.
Yağış artırımı mı yapayım, kovalarla su mu taşıyayım gibi şeyleri bu enstantane çözümlerde yapılabilir. Ama bunu 'kuraklığa ben çare buldum' diyemezsiniz. 50 günlük suyunuz kaldıysa sizin, bu suyu ne kadar artırırsanız o kadar kardır. Önümüzdeki 2-3 aylık bir yağışlı dönem var ama burada ne kadar ne olacak belli de değil.
Sizin yağışlı mevsimin başladığı Ekim ayından Ocak 15'e kadar yüzde 50 eksik yağışınız olmuş. Biz ne diyoruz, burada yüzde 30'a varan geri yağış artırımı yapıyorsunuz, eksik yağışı burada yerine getirebilirsiniz. Bu şekilde yapılabilir. Artık Türkiye'de bu kuraklık meselesi sadece bu sene için değil artık bu kuraklıkla ilgili Türkiye'nin çok başı ağrıyacak. Bundan sonraki kuraklık 20-30 sene sonra değil, 4-5 sene sonra tekrar gelebilir. Onun için bu teknolojiyi Türkiye'nin yerleştirmesi lazım. Hem tarımsal açıdan, hem içme suyu açısından yapılır. Ama bu çok ucuza getirilebilir, yerli ve milli bilim adımlarıyla, teknik elemanlarla bu işler yapılır."
PROF. DR. KADIOĞLU: YAĞMUR BOMBASI GERÇEK ANLAMDA YALAN BOMBASI İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) Meteoroloji Mühendisi ve Afet Yönetim Uzmanı Prof. Dr. Mikdat Kadıoğlu , "Yağmur bombası gerçek anlamda yalan bombası. Bu tamamen bizim gibi gelişmemiş ülkelerde umut tacirliği için kullanılan bir şey bu." dedi. Prof. Dr. Kadıoğlu, şöyle konuştu: "Bugün Amerika, İngiltere İspanya, Fransa, İtalya orman yangınlarıyla, kuraklıkla boğuşurlar ama bir Allah'ın kulu böyle bir şeyden bahsetmez. Bir umut tacirliğidir yani bilimsel bir şey değildir.
'Yağmur bombası' halk arasındaki adı bu. Bunun teknik adı 'yağış artırım projesidir'. Bu yağmur bombacılar olmayan bulutu oluşturmaz, olmayan yağmuru da yağdırmaz. Bunlar mevcut yağan yağmuru artırdıklarını iddia ederler. Nasrettin Hoca'nın fıkrası gibi, 'dünyanın merkezi burası ölç istersen' gibi durum var burada. Bulut ve yağış fiziğinde 'yağmur bombasının' bir yeri yok. 1985'de en son bu deneyler terk edildi. En sonra İsrail 1985 senesinde bunun dağların yamacında işe yaradığına dair makale yayınladılar."
YAĞMUR BOMBASI NEDİR? İnsanların bulutlara fişek atarak, olgunlaşmış fakat yağış bırakmayan bulutların yağmur yağdırmasını sağlamasına 'yağmur bombası ' ya da 'yapay yağmur' adı veriliyor. Temel hedef; enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak, kurak bölgelere su temin etmek, sisi dağıtmak, hava olaylarını kontrol altına almaktır.
YAĞMUR BOMBASI NE DEMEK? 1940'lı yıllarda gümüş iyodür kullanılmasıyla çalışmalar başladı. 1960'lı yıllarda ABD tarafından geliştirilen sistem, günümüzde 24 ülke tarafından uygulanıyor Türkiye 'de 1990'larda İstanbul 'da ve değişik zamanlarda İzmir ve Ankara'da uygulandı.
'Bulut tohumlaması' da denilen ilk uygulamayı Irving Langmuir ve Vincent Schaefer 1940'ların sonlarında yapmıştır. Uçaktan bulutlara CO2 buzu atarak denediler. Bulut tohumlama işini Bernard Vonnegut gümüş iyodür kullanarak uyguladı (1947). Gümüş iyodür kuru buzdan (CO2 buzu) daha kolay kullanıma sahiptir ve günümüzde de halen çoğunlukla o kullanılmaktadır.