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Trabzon 'un Düzköy ilçesi Çayırbağı Mahallesi Koskarlı mevkisinde bir mağarada milattan önce 11 bin yılına ait olduğu düşünülen çakmak taşı ve obsidyenden (magmatik kaya) yapılma taş aletler bulundu. Yapılan analizlerde taş aletlerin bölgede yaşayan ilk insan grubunun kesici aletleri olduğu değerlendirildi. Bölgenin bilinen insanlık tarihine dair önemli bir keşfe imza atan arkeologlar, Göbeklitepe'ye yakın dönemlere tarihlendirilen mağarada daha fazla bulgu için kazı yapmayı hedefliyor. KTÜ Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Protohistorya ve Önasya Arkeolojisi Öğretim Üyesi Dr. Hülya Çalışkan Akgül, "Göbeklitepe tüm dünya ve Anadolu için çok önemli. Trabzon'un 'Koskalı Mağarası'nın önemini herkese gösterebilmek için bu kıyaslama yapılabilir" dedi.
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Protohistorya ve Önasya Arkeolojisi öğretim üyelerinden Dr. Hülya Çalışkan Akgül ve Doç. Dr. Serkan Demirel'in 2018 yılında başlattığı 'Trabzon Protohistorik (Kalkolitik ve Tunç çağları) Yüzey Araştırma Projesi' yle önemli bulgular tespit edildi. Proje kapsamında yürütülen çalışmalarda Trabzon 'un Düzköy ilçesi Çayırbağı Mahallesi Koskarlı mevkisinde bulunan bir mağarada, arkeologlarca, farklı boyutlarda 103 parça taş alet bulundu. Yapılan ilk incelemelerle, 'kesici' olarak kullanılan taş aletlerin, milattan önce 11 bin yıl öncesine ait olduğu belirlendi.
7 ADET ATIK PARÇA KÖKEN ANALİZİ İÇİN KANADA'YA GÖNDERİLDİ Obsidyen ve çakmak taşından yapılma aletlerden 7 tanesi, köken analizi yapılmak üzere Kanada'daki McMaster Üniversitesi'nden Prof. Dr. Tristan Carter'e gönderildi. Elde edilen ilk sonuçlara göre, bölgede yaşayan ilk insan grubunun 'kesici alet' olarak kullandığı düşünülen taşlardan 5 tanesinin Kapadokya, 2 tanesinin Trans Kafkasya (Gürcistan-Ermenistan) kökenli olduğu tespit edildi. Bölgenin bilinen insanlık tarihine dair önemli bir keşfe imza atan arkeologlar, Göbeklitepe'ye yakın dönemlere tarihlendirilen 'Koskarlı Mağarası' nda daha fazla bulgu elde edebilmek için kazı yapmayı hedefliyor. Bu arada mağaranın tam yeri ise açıklanmadı.
'TRABZON'DA BU KADAR ERKEN DÖNEME TARİHLENEN İLK MAĞARA' Kalkolitik ve Tunç Çağları Yüzey Araştırma Projesi'yle, Roma dönemi öncesine ait bulgular aradıklarını belirten KTÜ Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Protohistorya ve Önasya Arkeolojisi öğretim üyesi proje başkanı Dr. Hülya Çalışkan Akgül, araştırmada en önemli bulguları 2019 yılında elde ettiklerini söyledi. Düzköy ilçesinde bir mağarada arkeolojik malzemeler bulduklarını anlatan Dr. Hülya Çalışkan Akgül, "2019 yılında ilk defa Düzköy vadisine giriş yaptık ve vadinin güneyindeki alanlarda özellikle çalıştık. Burada 'Koskarlı Mağarası' olarak isimlendirdiğimiz bir mağarada tespit ettiğimiz taş aletler bizi çok sevindirdi. Çünkü şimdiye kadar bütün malzemenin görülebildiği ve incelenmeye çalışıldığı bu kadar erken döneme tarihlenen verilere sahip Trabzon'un ilk mağarası oldu" dedi.
'İNSANOĞLUNUN AVCILIK TOPLAYICILIK YAPTIĞI DÖNEME AİT' Buldukları taşların üzerindeki izlerin düzenli olduğunu ve doğal süreçlerle oluşmasının mümkün olmadığını belirten Dr. Hülya Çalışkan Akgül, mağarada buldukları taş aletlerin ayırt edici özellikleri hakkında şu bilgileri verdi: "Sözünü ettiğimiz dönem, insanoğlunun hala avcı ve toplayıcı olarak yaşadığı, ancak bu konuda uzmanlaşmanın sağlandığı bir dönem. Daha incelikli, daha iyi rötuşlanmış, işlenmiş ve daha küçük taş aletler yapmaya başladıkları bir evre. Bizim 'mikrolit' olarak tanımladığımız bu aletler, 1 santimetre olacak kadar küçükler. Bunların da varlığıyla bu taşların insanoğlunun elinden çıktığını kolaylıkla anlayabiliyoruz" 'GÜNÜMÜZDEN 13 BİN YIL ÖNCESİ' Bulunan objeleri tarihlendirmek üzere ön çalışma yaptıklarını söyleyen Dr. Akgül, "Yaptığımız ön çalışma ve karşılaştırmalar sonucunda bu aletleri 'epipaleolitik dönem' olarak isimlendiriyoruz. Milattan önce yaklaşık olarak 11 bin veya günümüzden 13 bin yıl öncesi tarihlerini düşünmek, 'Koskarlı Mağarası'nın taş aletleri için artık olası. Daha kesin sonuçlar için sondaj çalışmasına ve daha detaylandırılmış bir kazı çalışmasıyla daha detaylı ve kesin veriler elde etmek mümkün" diye konuştu.
'İLK İNSANLARIN FAALİYETLERİNİ GÖSTERİYOR' Mağarada buldukları parçaların çakmak taşı ile volkanik bir cam olan obsidyen taşından yapıldığını ve Trabzon 'da obsidyen kaynağı bulunmadığı için bu taşın dışarıdan geldiğini düşündüklerini anlatan Dr. Akgül, "Bunu anlayabilmek için obsidyenleri 'köken analizi' olarak tabir edilen bir analize tabi tutuyoruz. Mağaradan seçtiğimiz 7 adet atık parça, Kanada'ya Dr. Tristan Carter'a incelenmesi için gönderildi. Kanada'dan gelen ön sonuçlara göre 7 adet parçadan 5 tanesi Kapadokya kökenli yani Nevşehir, Aksaray, Ürgüp civarından. 2 tanesi ise 'Trans Kafkasya' kökenli. 'Trans Kafkasya' Ermenistan, Gürcistan hatta belki de Kuzeydoğu Anadolu'yu da içine alacak o coğrafyadan gelmiş olabileceği ileri sürüldü. Bu demek oluyor ki insanoğlunun belli bir hareketi var. Hareketin güzergahını ya da hangi şekillerde gerçekleşmiş olabileceğini söylemek zor olsa da biliyoruz ki bu malzemelerden biri Kapadokya'dan, diğeri Trans Kafkasya'dan olmak üzere farklı bölgelerden Trabzon'a gelmiş. Paleolitik dediğimiz ya da günümüzden 13 bin yıl önce bu bölgede bir insan faaliyeti, insan hareketliliği söz konusuymuş. Biz, 'Koskarlı Mağarası'ndan elde ettiğimiz taş aletlerle, bölgede hiç kimsenin olmaması gibi bir önyargıyı da kırmış olduk" diye konuştu. 'TRABZON'DA YAŞAMIŞ İLK İNSAN TOPLULUĞU' Dr. Akgül, buldukları taş aletlerle o yıllarda bölgede yaşamış ilk insan topluluğunun izini keşfettiklerini söyleyerek, "Mağaradaki taş aletler Trabzon'da tespit edebileceğimiz ilk insan topluluğunu bize işaret ediyor. Şimdiye kadar en erkeni bu diyebiliriz ama Koskarlı'nın tek olduğunu düşünmüyoruz ya da Koskarlı'nın milattan önce 11 bin olmayabileceğini de göz önünde bulunduruyoruz. Orada herhangi bir kazıya başlanabilirse belki daha da erken bir tarihe ulaşmak mümkün. 'Mağara insanı' diyebileceğimiz dönemde yaşamış bir insan topluluğuyla karşı karşıyayız. Koskarlı'da ve belki de bu bölgenin şimdilik ilk sakinleri. Araştırmalar devam ettikçe Trabzon bölgesinin biraz daha erken döneme ait ilk sakinlerini bulabiliriz" dedi. 'NEREDEYSE GÖBEKLİTEPE KADAR ESKİ VE ÖNEMLİ' Dr. Akgül, 'Koskarlı Mağarası'nda buldukları taş aletlerin, insanlık tarihinin bilinen en eski yerleşik yaşam alanı ve ibadethanesi olan Göbeklitepe ile yakın tarihlerde olduğu için önemli olduğunun altını çizdi. Akgül, "Göbeklitepe tüm dünya ve Anadolu için çok önemli. Trabzon'un 'Koskalı Mağarası'nın önemini herkese gösterebilmek için bu kıyaslama belki yapılabilir. Koskarlı Mağarası ile Göbeklitepe arasında şartlar biraz farklı ama önemine vurgu yapmak için kullanılabilecek bir cümle olabilir. Koskarlı şu anda Trabzon bölgesinde ilk olduğu, ilk insan topluluğunu bize gösterdiği için ve nispeten Göbeklitepe'ye yakın bir tarih önerdiğimiz için böyle bir karşılaştırma yapabiliriz" dedi.