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Helenistik dönemde inşa edilen ve 1221'de kenti fetheden Selçukluların yeniden inşa ettiği Alanya Kalesi'nde, Kızılkule önündeki sahilde, bu yıl sert geçen kış ve oluşturduğu dalgalar ilginç bir keşfe yol açtı. Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Osman Eravşar, "Bu sene şiddetli bir kış geçirdik ve dalgalar şanslı bir veriyi ortaya çıkardı. Kızılkule'nin önünde yosunlar ve kumulların altında olan Roma dönemine ait bir tersane, gemi çekek yerinin varlığı ortaya çıkartıldı" dedi. Antalya 'nın Alanya ilçesinde denizden yaklaşık 250 metre kadar yükselen yarımada üzerindeki, kentin simge tarihi eserlerinden 6,5 kilometreyi bulan surları, 83 kule ve 140 burç ile Selçuklu eserleri Kızılkule, Tophane Burcu ve Tersanesi başta olmak üzere, Helenistik dönemden Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı medeniyetlerine ev sahipliği yapan Alanya Kalesi'nde çok önemli 2 tarihi keşif yapıldı.
BU KAZI SEZONU SONA ERİYOR Alanya Kalesi Kazı Başkanı, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi'nden Prof. Dr. Osman Eravşar, 2022 yılı kazı sezonunun sona ermek üzere olduğunu belirterek, bu sene ağırlıklı arasta bölgesi ve deniz kıyısı-liman tarafı ile kısa olarak da İçkale'de çalışmalarının olduğunu söyledi. Bu çalışmalarda arastalarda daha önce Osmanlı dönemine tarihledikleri ve bir yüzyıl sonrasında yaşanan depremle tahrip olan arastada özgün plan şemasına ait verileri elde ettiklerini belirten Prof. Dr. Eravşar, "Restorasyon çalışmalarına hazır hale geldi" dedi.
DENİZ KENARINDA İLGİNÇ KEŞİF Deniz kenarında 'çok ilginç bir keşif' olduğunu açıklayan Prof. Dr. Osman Eravşar, "Alanya Limanı, Selçuklu dönemi karakteriyle ön plana çıkıyor, bir de Selçuklu döneminin günümüze ulaşan iki tersanesinden biri burada yer alıyor. Alaeddin Keykubad döneminde 1231 yılında inşa edilmiş bir tersane ve deniz tarafında limanı koruyan iki tane de kule mevcut. Bu kulelerden biri Kızılkule, diğeri de Tophane Burcu olarak biliniyor" diye konuştu. Şehrin tarihçesine baktıklarında ise Roma İmparatorluğu döneminde özellikle korsanlara karşı verilen mücadele sonrası Roma'nın ileri bir garnizonu olduğunu bildiklerini anlatan Prof. Dr. Eravşar, "Yine tarihi dönemlerde, Orta Çağ'da Alanya'yı önemli kılan unsurda, özellikle Alanya'nın çevresindeki dağlarda bulunan sedir ağacı. Sedir ağacı, gemi yapımı için son derece önemli ve gerekli. Bu sebeple olsa gerek ki Alaeddin Keykubad, buraya o büyük muhteşem tersaneyi inşa ettiriyor, gemi yapımı için elverişli malzeme olduğundan dolayı" dedi. YOSUN VE KUMULLARIN ALTINDAN ÇIKTI Elverişli malzeme sedir ağacı, tersaneyle ilgili durumun Roma döneminde de olması gerektiğini, ancak bugüne kadar yapılan araştırmalarda herhangi bir izle karşılaşılmadığını anlatan Prof. Dr. Eravşar, keşfi şöyle açıkladı: "Bu sene şiddetli bir kış geçirdik ve dalgalar şanslı bir veriyi ortaya çıkardı. Kızılkule'nin önünde son yıllara kadar tamamen yosunlar ve kumulların altında olan bir tersanenin, gemi çekek yerinin varlığı ortaya çıkartıldı."
SULAR YÜKSELİNCE DENİZDE KALMIŞ Çalışmaların, kazı ekibindeki AÜ Sualtı Kültür Varlıkları Koruma Bölümü'nden Doç. Dr. Hakan Öniz başkanlığındaki ekip tarafından yürütüldüğünü belirten Prof. Dr. Eravşar, "Tabi burada önemli bir veri, bugün su altında bu tersane, küçük bir gemi yapım yeri ama büyüklük, ölçek bakımından Selçuklu dönemine ait Alanya Tersanesi ile hemen aynı boyutlarda. Yani, Orta Çağ'da Akdeniz'in suları yükselmiş ve bu suların yükselmesine bağlı olarak da Roma dönemine ait tersane deniz suyunun altında kalmış. Binanın olduğu kesimde, önümüzdeki yıllarda bir çalışma yapıp, boyutlarını, mimarisini tespit etmek istiyoruz. Bu açıdan önemli bir keşif olacağını düşünüyoruz" diye konuştu. 2-3 METRE DERİNLİKTE Su altındaki Roma dönemine ait tersanenin, denizde derinlik olarak 2 metreden 3 metreye kadar değişen eğimli bir yüzeyde olduğunu ifade eden Prof. Dr. Eravşar, Roma dönemindeki olayı ise şöyle anlattı: "Romalı general Gnaeus Pompeius, korsanlara karşı bir sefer düzenliyor ve Alanya önlerinde korsanları yenilgiye uğratıyor. Yine Roma tarihinden öğrendiğimize göre, korsanlar kaleye çekiliyor, sonra Romalılar kaleyi ele geçiriyor. Bu tarihten sonra yaklaşık 1'inci yüzyıl sonları 2'nci yüzyıldan itibaren Roma, Alanya ve çevresini ileri bir garnizon gibi kullanıyor, bu bölgedeki korsan hakimiyetini kırmak için. Dolayısıyla o dönemde bugün su altında olan tersanemiz veya gemi çekek yerimiz yaklaşık 2-3 metre değişiyor derinlik ve eğimli bir yüzeyde. Yani kıyıdan, denizden 10 metre kadar daha ileride olması gerekiyor. Bu da şunu gösteriyor, demek ki Akdeniz'de bir su yükselmesi var. Bunu biz başka yerlerde de görüyoruz. Örneğin Kaş, Demre ve diğer bölgelerde de var. Dolayısıyla Orta Çağlara gelindiğinde su yükselmesi sonucu, bu gemi çekek yeri denizin içerisinde kalmış ve liman daha içeride olduğundan savunma mimarisi yapıları da ona göre şekillendirilmiş."
KIZILKULE ÖNÜNDE İKİNCİ SÜRPRİZ Bu yılki diğer önemli bulgunun ise aslında bugüne kadar ortada olan bir şeyin yeniden keşfedildiğini söyleyen Prof. Dr. Eravşar, Alanya 'nın 1221'de Selçukluların fethi sonrası Keykubad'ın bir imar çalışması başlattığını belirterek, "Surları onartıyor ve yeni bölümler inşa ediyor. En önemli çalışma ise limanda gerçekleştiriliyor. Limanı koruma altına almak için Kızılkule olarak literatüre geçen sekizgen yapı ve diğer tarafında da Tophane Burcu olarak bildiğimiz kale planlı büyük kuleler inşa ediliyor. Ancak bu kuleler olmadan önce de burada bir liman var ve bu limanı koruyan, bir sistem olduğunu biliyoruz. Bunun ne olduğu yapılan inceleme sonucunda ortaya çıktı" dedi. HAÇLILARIN CAPONIER MİMARİ UNSURU Kızılkule'nin ön tarafında denize doğru yönelen tonozlu bir galeri olduğunu kaydeden Prof. Dr. Eravşar, "Bu galerinin denizin her iki tarafını gören mazgal açıklıkları var. Bu mazgal açıklıklardan, bunun aslında Orta Çağ askeri mimarisinde özellikle Haçlı kaleleri ve Avrupa'daki kalelerde varlığını bildiğimiz, maalesef Türkçe terminolojisi yok, 'caponier' olarak konumlanan bir mimari unsur olduğu ortaya çıktı. Bu yapı, mekanın Orta Çağ kalelerinde özellikle iki katlı olduğunu görüyoruz ama erken örnekleri de olmalıydı. İşte erken örneği, Alanya Kalesi'nde tek katlı olarak inşa edilmiş. Bu açıdan da Alanya surlarının ünik yönlerinden birini oluşturuyor" diye konuştu.
ANADOLU'DAKİ TEK ÖRNEĞİ Bu mimarinin bugün Anadolu'da bir başka kalede benzerini görmenin mümkün olmadığına işaret eden Prof. Dr. Erşavşar, "Anadolu için ünik, tek olan örnek, bugün Alanya Kalesi surları üzerinde yer alıyor. Alanya Kalesi, UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi'ne de aday bir yerleşme, tarihi yarımada. Bu çerçevede üniklik değerlere bakılıyor. Alanya'nın birçok üniklik yönü var, bunlardan bir tanesi de bu savunma mimarisi açısından olacak. Özellikle bu mimarilerin ender örneklerinden birisine sahip olması, onu UNESCO Dünya Kültür Mirası içerisinde hak ettiği yere getirecektir diye düşünüyorum" ifadelerini kullandı.