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Marmara Denizi 'ni tehdit eden risk faktörleri ele alındığında, deniz suyu sıcaklıklarındaki artış değerlerinin nedenleri, etkileri ve alınabilecek önlemler hayati değer taşıyor.
2 DERECE YÜKSELDİ ODTÜ Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü verilerine göre, Marmara Denizi'nin yüzey suyu sıcaklığı son 39 yılda 2 derece arttı. Marmara'nın deniz yüzey suyu sıcaklığının basen ortalaması değeri, ölçümlerin kaydedilmeye başlandığı 1984'te 24 dereceyken bugün 26 derecenin üzerinde bulunuyor.
Marmara Denizi 'nin alt tabaka sularını oluşturan Akdeniz 'de yüzey sıcaklığı şu anda 29 derecelerde ölçülürken, üst sularını oluşturan Karadeniz 'de de 26 derecelerde gözlemleniyor. Dünya denizlerinin yüzey suyu sıcaklıklarında son 60 yıldaki artış ise ortalama 1-1,5 derece aralığında.
ÇOK ŞİDDETLİ ARTIŞ Marmara Denizi'nde ısınmanın nedenleri ve etkileri hakkındaki soruları yanıtlayan ODTÜ Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü Müdürü Prof. Dr. Barış Salihoğlu, bu yıl görülen sıcak hava dalgalarının denizlere etkisine dikkati çekti.
Salihoğlu, "Bu yıl tüm dünya denizlerinde sıcaklık rekorları kırılıyor, biz de kendi denizlerimize baktık. Şu anda yüzey suyu sıcaklıklarında çok şiddetli artışlar görüyoruz, bu ağustos muhtemelen hiçbir ağustosta görmediğimiz deniz yüzey suyu sıcaklıklarına ulaşmış olacağız." dedi.
Marmara 'da yaz dönemi deniz yüzey sıcaklığının 2010'da rekor kırdığını ve 39 yıllık ortalamanın 1,7-1,8 derece üzerinde artış kaydedildiğini aktaran Salihoğlu, söz konusu rekorun bu yaz geçileceğini, genel olarak sıcaklığın yaz ve kış dönemi ortalamasının üzerine çıkacağını ifade etti.
TOPYEKUN ISINMA Salihoğlu, Marmara Denizi 'ndeki ısınmada iklim değişikliğinin rolüne değindi.
Salihoğlu, şunları söyledi: "Küresel ısınmanın en fazla etkilediği bölgelerden biri Akdeniz havzası. Türkiye denizlerinde en yüksek artışlar, Karadeniz'in doğusu ile Doğu Akdeniz'de Mersin, İskenderun Körfezi civarında 2-2,5 derece. Marmara Denizi, Akdeniz havzasında olduğu için sıcaklığı artmış durumda. Bir de Karadeniz'den gelen yüzey suyu ile Akdeniz'den gelen ve daha sonra dibe batan yüzey suyuyla birlikte Marmara topyekun ısınmış durumda."
YATIRIMLAR YAPILMALI Deniz suyundaki ısınmanın nedeninin sadece iklim değişikliği olmadığını bildiren Salihoğlu, yaptıkları çalışmalarda endüstrinin soğutma sularının denize etkisine baktıklarını, özellikle kıyı ve körfezler gibi kapalı bölgelerde yarım dereceye yakın artışlar gözlemlediklerini, bunun da ciddi bir durum olduğunu kaydetti.
Salihoğlu, oksijen azlığı nedeniyle Marmara Denizi 'nde biyoçeşitliliğin 25 metreye sıkıştığını, bunun yanında deniz üzerinde birçok baskının da bulunduğunu vurguladı.
Salihoğlu, "İklim değişimi, kirlilik, balıkçılık en başta geliyor. Bunun ötesinde istilacı türler, endüstri, kıyısal yapılaşmanın çok yaygın olması etkiliyor. Kıyıları üreme alanı olarak kullanan biyolojik türler çok etkilenmiş durumda. Marmara'nın ekolojisi bizim için bir doğal miras, bu etkilenecek, kültürel miras etkilenecek. Bu denizi temizlemek için yapacağımız yatırımın yanında kayıplarımız çok çok fazla, o yüzden bu yatırımları bir an önce bahaneye sığınmadan yapmamız lazım." diye konuştu.
SOSYAL YANSIMALAR OLACAK Marmara Bölgesi'nin çok ciddi bir turizm potansiyeline sahip olduğuna işaret eden Salihoğlu, Marmara Denizi 'ndeki kirlilik, müsilaj ve deniz anası sayısındaki artış gibi faktörlerin sadece turizmi etkilemekle kalmayacağını, sosyal yansımalarının da olacağını dile getirdi.
Salihoğlu, "Amatör balıkçılığa kadar kaybedeceksiniz. Belki ulaşımı engelleyecek. Alternatif gıda üretiminden faydalanma potansiyelini de kaybedeceğiz." ifadelerini kullandı.
BEKLENTİNİN 2-3 DERECE ÜZERİNDE İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü Müdürü Prof. Dr. Cem Gazioğlu, Marmara 'nın sadece etrafındakilerin yönetebileceği bir deniz olmadığını, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz 'den gelen iki su kaynağı bulunduğunu belirtti.
Durumu havuz problemine benzeten Gazioğlu, şöyle devam etti: "Bu iki su kaynağını yönetmek sadece bizim hegemonyamızda olan bir durum değil. Karadeniz'den gelen suyun özelliklerini artık çok iyi kavramamız, tanımlamamız lazım. Beklentimizin 2-3 derece üzerinde ısınma var, Karadeniz artık soğuyamıyor ve bu sıcak su Marmara Denizi'ne gelerek yüzeyde ısınmaya sebep oluyor. Aşağıdaki Akdeniz suyunda bir ısınma görmedik."
MARMARA'YI KORUMALIYIZ Marmara 'ya Akdeniz 'den alt akıntıyla gelen suyun sürecinin çok hızlı olduğunu ve 3-6 ay içerisinde molekül bazında denizi terk ettiğini anlatan Gazioğlu, "Akdeniz suyunun Marmara'yı beslemesi geçerli bir şey ama su oksijen açısından zengin olsa da Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan girdikten sonra oksijenini tükete tükete buralara geliyor. Beslemeden ziyade Marmara'yı korumamız daha iyi olur diye düşünüyorum." dedi.
Gazioğlu, Marmara Denizi 'nin korunması için şu tavsiyelerde bulundu: "Öncelikli olarak arıtma tesislerinin durmaksızın çok iyi çalıştırılması gerekiyor. Marmara Denizi kapalı bir havza olduğu için her zaman balıkçılık baskısı olan bir yer, özel korunacak bölgelerin alanları ve sayıları artırılmalı. Bu aynı zamanda küçük balıkçıyı koruyacak bir uygulama olacaktır. Endüstriyel balıkçılık çok güçlü, bu amatör ve aile balıkçılığını baskılıyor. Endüstriyel balıkçılığın, belli alanlarda sınırlandırılması gerekebilir. Bazı türler için tarih genişletilmeli, bazı bölgelerde de alan kısıtlamaları genişletilmeli."