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Foreign Affairs 'ten Jaon Lyall'ın analizine göre, dünya, insansız hava aracı (drone) savaşları dönemine girdi. Birçok ülke ise Türkiye 'nin aksine bu hızlı değişimi yakalamak bir tarafa, henüz tam kavrayamamış görünüyor.
Son beş yıldaki dört büyük devletler arası savaşta - Libya , Dağlık Karabağ , Suriye ve Ukrayna 'da olanlar - silahlı insansız hava araçları baskın ve belki de belirleyici bir rol oynadı.
Yine de insansız hava araçlarıyla ilgili tartışmalar, Taliban gibi devlet dışı aktörlere karşı kullanımları veya ABD ile Çin gibi yakın rakipler arasındaki savaşlarda potansiyel rolleri hakkında spekülasyonlar üzerine odaklanıyor.
Bazı gözlemciler, insansız hava araçlarının uluslararası istikrarı bile destekleyebileceğini savunuyorlar: ülkelerin, insan pilotlu bir uçak yerine bir insansız hava aracının düşürülmesi durumunda bir çatışma yı tırmandırma ihtimali daha düşük olabilir.
OYUN DEĞİŞİYOR Dronlar, savaşın gidişatını çevirmeyi başardıkları için daha da çekici hale geldi. Türkiye 'nin drone kullanımı ise oldukça dikkat çekici.
Geçtiğimiz Şubat ayında Suriye 'nin kuzeyindeki İdlib Eyaleti yakınlarında Türk ordu suna hava saldırısı düzenledi ve Ankara düzinelerce tankı, hava savunmasını ve zırhlı aracı imha etmek için TB2 insansız hava araçları kullanarak misilleme yaparak yüzlerce, muhtemelen binlerce Suriye askerini öldürdü. Rusya , ezilmiş bir Suriye adına ateşkes talep etti. Türk TB2'ler, Barış Fırtınası Operasyonu sırasında Libya 'daki askeri çıkmazın kırılmasında da belirleyiciydi: TB2 insansız hava araçları ve kara kuvvetlerinin toplam ağırlığı, Libya Ulusal Ordusu kuvvetlerini Trablus'tan ve Tarhouna'daki kalelerinden sürdü.
Ancak silahlı dronlar işi tek başlarına üstlenmedi. İnsansız sistemler, topçu ve uzun menzilli füzeler gibi geleneksel donanımlarla birlikte çalışan veya mobil yer birimlerini destekleyen kuvvet çarpanları olarak en etkili olanlar. Örneğin Azerbaycan , insansız hava araçlarını Ermeni savunma pozisyonlarını tespit etmek ve ardından topçu ve roketatarlardan gelen dolaylı atışları yönlendirmek için kullanıldı.
Dronelar artık geleneksel hava gücünün yerini alabilir ve bunları ve diğer platformları daha ölümcül hale getirebilir. Savaş alanındaki varlıkları, neredeyse her karar verme aşamasında hedeflerinin hesaplamalarını değiştiriyor.
Normalde hem Libya 'da hem de Dağlık Karabağ 'da hareketli zırhlı araçlar, görüş mesafelerini yukarıdan azaltmak için güçlendirilmiş pozisyonlara yerleştirilmişlerdi. Savunma pozisyonlarını terk edemeyen bu kuvvetler, saldırıları koordine edemedi ve düşmanlarına ivme kazandırdı. Libya Ulusal Ordu su ve Ermeni kuvvetleri, saldırıya açık unsurlarını hava savunmalarıyla daha iyi entegre ederek koruyabilirdi, ancak bunu yalnızca bu sistemlerin menziline bağlı kalma pahasına yapabilirlerdi.
Dahası, sözde güvenli olan arka bölgelerde aniden ortaya çıkan silahlı insansız hava araçları tehdidi, rezervlerin ve ikmal malzemelerinin hareketini zorlaştırıyor.Kısacası, dronlar modern savaş oyun kitabını gerçek zamanlı olarak değiştiriyor. Günümüzün nispeten basit araçları bile, bölgesel çatışma larda dengeyi bozacak kadar ölümcül ve dayanıklı durumda.
Şaşırtıcı derecede sınırlı yeteneklere sahip insansız hava araçları, devletlerin savaş alanındaki yeni fırsatlardan yararlanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Ticari sektördeki hızlı yeniliklerle desteklenen yarının silahlı drone'ları muhtemelen daha da etkili olacak. Türkiye , Dağlık Karabağ 'da dört hafta önce kullanılan TB2'lerin menzilini genişletmek için zaten kolları sıvadı. Ve birim maliyetler düştükçe, seri üretilen dronlar yakında düşman savunmasını tamamen darma dağın edecek.
Analizlerde, muharebe tankları, toplar ve hava saldırı sistemleriyle, kara kuvvetleri ağırlıklı klasik savaş senaryolarında, SİHA 'ların katkısıyla ciddi bir paradigma değişikliği yaşandığı ön plana çıkarılıyor. Alman ordu sunda "Silahlandırılmış insansız hava araçları kullanmalı mı, kullanmamalı mı?" tartışmaları başlamıştı. Federal Savunma Bakanı Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Türk SİHA'ların başarısını öve öve bitiremedi:
"Karabağ'da, tarihin ilk SİHA savaşı yaşandı. SİHA'lar, bombardımanlarla savaşın seyrini değiştirdi. Sonuçları, kaybeden taraf için çok ağır oldu."
Alman ordu sunun hava savunma ve saldırı sistemlerinin bu konuda eksikliğine vurgu yapan Bakan Kramp-Karrenbauer, ordu mevcudundaki insansız hava araçlarının silahlandırılması ve yeni SİHA 'ların alınması talebinde bulundu. Almanya Savunma ve Stratejik Araştırmaler Enstitüsü (GIDS) Başkanı Gert Estenhofer, savunma sisteminin çağın gereklerine cevap verebilmesi için, insansız hava araçlarının silahlandırılması gerektiğini aktarıyor:
"Türkiye bu konuda çok yüksek bir teknik düzeye ulaştı. Biz SİHA'ların gerekliliğini tartışırken, Ankara yıllardır başarılı bir teknoloji oluşturdu. Değişik tipte araçlar geliştirdiler, sunulan arz alışveriş merkezlerindeki tezgahları hatırlatıyor."
Daha önce de Türkiye 'den altı adet Bayraktar TB2 alan Ukrayna 'nın Türk SİHA 'larını nerede ve nasıl kullanacağına dair ilk işaretler de veriliyor. Ukrayna Silahlı Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanı Ruslan Homçak, Bayraktar TB2'leri Donbass bölgesindeki Rus ayrılıkçılara karşı sahaya sürebileceklerinin sinyalini verdi.
Ancak asıl sürpriz, Kırım. Yerel medya, yine General Homçak'a dayandırdığı haberinde yavaş yavaş bir drone sürüsüne kavuşan Ukrayna ordu sunun Bayraktar TB2'yi ilk kez doğrudan Rusya 'ya karşı kullanabileceğini yazdı.
Avrupa Konseyi Dış İlişkiler (ECFR) kıdemli politika üyesi ve analisti Gustav Gressel ise, Avrupa'nın Türk SİHA 'larının Dağlık Karabağ 'da yaptıklarından şüphesiz bir şekilde ders alması gerektiğini söyledi. 'Türk SİHA'larının başarısı Avrupa'yı endişelendirmeli' diyerek AB ülkelerini uyaran Gressel, Dağlık Karabağ savaşının yalnızca 44 günde sona erdiğini hatırlattı: "Ermenistan binlerce askerini kaybetti, hakeza tank ve zırhlı araçlarını da. Azerbaycan ordu sunun zaferinde Türk droneları kilit rol oynadı.
Türkiye 'de geride kalan 10 yılda drone teknolojisini çarpıcı bir şekilde geliştirdi, ABD'nin bazı sınırlamaları ve ambargolarına rağmen. Bu sınırlamalar Türkiye'yi kendi teknolojisini üretmeye yöneltti. Dağlık Karabağ savaşı ise Avrupa'nın kendini savunması için öğrenmesi gereken derslerle doluydu. Bunlardan ilki, strateji ve politikanın önemi. Ermenistan bu yaz Rusya 'dan satın aldığı sekiz Su-30 savaş uçağını Moskova izin vermediği için kullananamadı bile. Buna karşın Azerbaycan'daki üste birçok Türk F-16'sı bekledi, Bayraktar TB2'ler ise gökyüzündeydi.
İkinci ders bilgisayar ve networklerin önemi. Tıpkı Suriye ve Libya 'da olduğu gibi, Rus hava savunma sistemleri SİHA 'lar karşısında hezimete uğradı. Bu nedenle, gelecekte savaşma ihtimali olan ordu lar arasında - yalnızca ABD, Çin, Rusya değil, Türkiye , İsrail ve Güney Afrika gibi bölgesel güçler - bu deneyim kesinlikle yapay zeka ve otonom ölümcül silah sistemleri konusunda daha fazla araştırmaya teşvik edecektir.
Üçüncü ders, düşmanın gücü 'çevresinde' savaş. Dağlık Karabağ 'daki çatışma lardan önce Ermenistan ordu su taktik olarak daha iyi görünüyordu. Daha iyi ve motive olmuş askerlere sahiptiler ancak SİHA 'lar devreye girince her şey değişti. Ermenistan sarp araziye sahip bölgeyi kolayca savunabileceğini düşünüyordu, bağlantı noktaları olan yollar kesilince cepheye sevkiyat yapılamadı. Şuşa'da binlerce askerin ölümüyle sonuçlanan muharebe Erivan'a ateşkesten başka seçenek bırakmadı.
Batılı ülkeler şimdiye kadar daha çok drone savaşlarının teknik tarafına odaklandı ancak Dağlık Karabağ 'da bu açı daha az heyecan vericiydi. Asıl heyecan verici taraf, Azerilerin SİHA 'ları taktiksel kullanımıydı. Geleneksel muharebe operasyonlarına droneları yerleştirmeleri etkileyiciydi. Bu entelektüel yaratacılık, Azerbaycan 'ın savaşma tarzını geliştiren ve zaferi getiren Türk askeri danışmanlara ayrılmalı.
Almanya ve Fransa dışında SİHA'ları yakalayabilecek hava savunma sistemine sahip hiçbir Avrupa ülkesi yok. Almanya ve Fransa'nın sahip oldukları da kısa menzilli. Droneların devrede olduğu modern hareketli bir savaşta birçok Avrupa ordu su Ermenistan 'dan daha sefil bir duruma düşebilir. Bu onları düşündürmeli ve endişelendirmeli."