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NASA 'nın 12 Temmuz günü paylaştığı uzay fotoğrafları tabiri caizse dünyanın nefesini kesti. James Webb Uzay Teleskobu'nun çektiği ilk fotoğraflar arasından seçilen beş kare, evreni daha önce hiç görmediğimiz şekilde görmemizi sağladı. Üstelik teleskobun uzayın derinliklerini inceleme konusunda insanlık için ne kadar önemli bir rol oynayabileceğinin de göstergesi oldu.
Peki bu fotoğraflardan neler öğrendik? İşte beş fotoğraftan çıkan beş önemli gerçek...
1) TELESKOP GERÇEKTEN ÇOK İYİ ÇALIŞIYOR NASA'nın James Webb'den önce kullandığı Hubble Uzay Teleskobu'ndan gelen bulanık görüntüler, gelişmiş bilimsel araçların her zaman hedeflendiği kadar iyi çalışmayabileceğine işaret ediyordu. Astronotlar defalarca Hubble'ı ziyaret edip çeşitli tamiratlar gerçekleştirdi. Ancak James Webb gezegenimize Hubble'a kıyasla çok daha uzakta olduğundan, benzer bir sorunun yaşanması halinde tamir seçeneği söz konusu olamayacaktı.
Fırlatmanın öncesinde ve sonrasında büyük heyecan ve endişe yaşandı. Teleskop yerine yerleştikten sonra aynaları ve güneş kalkanları da benzer heyecanlara sebep oldu. Nihayetinde bilim insanları teleskobun düzgün çalışıp çalışmadığını test etme noktasına geldi. Ve James Webb testlerden "yıldızlı pekiyi" ile geçti!
Operasyon projesinden sorumlu bilim insanı Dr. Jane Rigby, 12 Temmuz günü düzenlenen basın toplantısında, teleskobun çektiği ilk kristal netliğindeki görüntüleri gördüğü anları şöyle anlattı:
"Çok duygulandım, 'Aman Tanrım, çalışıyor' dedim. Üstelik düşündüğümüzden de iyi çalışıyor."
Güneyli Halka Nebulası, kızılötesi ve yarı kızılötesi görüntüleri Rigby'nin bu hissiyatı yüzlerce bilim insanı tarafından kaleme alınan ve salı günü çevrimiçi olarak yayımlanan bir makaleye de şu satırlarla yansıdı: "Teleskop ve aygıt süiti, dünyaya yakın asteroidlerden en uzak galaksilere kadar tüm evrenle ilgili gözlem kaynaklı bilgilerimizi dönüştürmek için gerekli hassasiyeti, istikrarı, görsel kalitesini ve spektrum aralığını ortaya koymuştur."
Bilimsel araştırmalar şimdiden başlamış durumda. Webb çağını başlatmak üzere Erken Yayın Bilim Programları adı altında 13 proje seçildi. Bu projeler Güneş Sistemi, galaksiler ve intergalaktik uzay, dev kara delikler ve yaşadıkları galaksiler ve yıldızların evrimi gibi çok farklı kategorilerde yer alıyor.
Rigby, "Bugünden itibaren bilimsel çalışmaların sonuçları peş peşe gelecek" diye konuştu.
2) EVRENİN GEÇMİŞİNDE HİÇ GİTMEDİĞİMİZ KADAR GERİYE GİDECEĞİZ ABD Başkanı Joe Biden'ın 11 Temmuz günü paylaştığı ilk Webb teleskobu fotoğrafı, NASA yetkilileri ve astronomlar tarafından, evrenin bugüne kadar kaydedilmiş en derinlikli görüntülerinden biri olarak nitelendirildi. Muhtemelen önümüzdeki dönemde NASA'nın bilgisayarlarından yeni görüntüler çıktıkça bu derinlik daha da artacak.
SMACS 0723 adı verilen bir uzak yıldız kümesine ait fotoğraf sayesinde, gökyüzünde birçok başka uzak galaksinin var olduğunu anlamış olduk. Bu galaksilerden gelen ve yıldız kümesinin çekim alanı sayesinde görüntüye giren ışıkların yaşı 13 milyar yıldan fazla.
SMACS 0723 Astronomların teorileri, en uzaktaki en erken yıldızların, bugün gördüğümüz yıldızlardan farklı olabileceğine işaret ediyor. Şöyle ki ilk yıldızlar Büyük Patlama'dan geriye kalan saf hidrojenden ve helyumdan oluşuyordu ve Güneş'ten kat kat fazla büyüyebiliyordu. Bu yıldızlar kısa süre içinde çöküp bugün birçok galaksinin merkezinde bulunan dev kara deliklere dönüşüyorlardı.
3) UZAK GEZEGENLERİN ATMOSFERLERİNDE NE OLDUĞUNU ANLAYABİLECEĞİZ Salı günü dünyayla paylaşılan görüntülerden biri de Jüpiter büyüklüğündeki bir ötegezegen olan WASP-96b'nin tayfıydı. 1120 ışık yılı uzaklıktaki yıldızının önünden geçen WASP-96b'nin görüntüsü bizi çok heyecanlandırmadı ama Baltimore'da bulunan ve Webb teleskobunu yönetim merkezi olan Uzay Teleskobu Bilim Enstitüsü'ndeki astronomların nefesinin kesilmesine ve alkışlamasına neden oldu.
Enstitüsünün astronomlarından Nestor Espinoza yaptığı açıklamada, "Bunu sizinle paylaşmanın verdiği heyecanı tarif dahi edemiyorum" diye konuştu.
Aslında bu gezegen bilim insanları için yeni bir keşif değil. Daha önce yeryüzünde yapılan çalışmalara konu oldu, Hubble tarafından da görüntülendi. Ama Webb teleskobunun çektiği görüntülerde su buharı kanıtları, sisler ve önceden görülmemiş bazı bulutlar da vardı. Bu bilim insanlarını şaşırttı.
WASP-96b'nin yaşayan herhangi bir varlığa ev sahipliği yapıyor olması çok düşük bir ihtimal ancak aynı teknikleri kullanarak başka yıldızların yörüngesindeki daha küçük, kayalık gezegenlerin yaşanabilir yerler olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmak mümkün olacak.
Arizona Üniversitesi'nden astronomi uzmanı Dr. Megan Mansfield, "Bence ilginç olduğunu düşündüğümüz gezegenler bulabileceğiz. Yani yaşam ihtimali yüksek yerler. Ama bir yerde yaşam olduğunu hemen tespit edemeyebiliriz" diye konuştu.
Stephan Kenteti Bu ötegezegenlerin nispeten küçük boyutları, üzerlerinde çalışılmasını bugüne kadar zorlaştırıyordu. Webb teleskobu sayesinde astronomlar bu dünyalara daha yakından bakabilecek.
Bilim insanları şimdiden bazı hedefler belirledi bile. Bunlardan biri yaşanabilirlik alanında çok sayıda gezegen bulunan Trappist-1 isimli yıldız. Projenin ötegezegen biliminden sorumlu uzman yardımcısı Knicole Colon, "Tek yapmamız gereken, zamanın hikâyeyi açığa çıkarmasını beklemek" dedi.
4) BEKLENMEDİK OLANI KEŞFEDECEĞİZ Webb sunumunda, Güneyli Halka Nebulası adı verilen ve ölmek üzere olan bir yıldızın püskürttüğü gaz ve toz küresi ile milyonlarca ışık yılı uzaktaki bir galaksiler topluluğu olan Stephan Kenteti'ne ait nefes kesici görüntüler vardı. Ancak en çarpıcı olan fotoğraf Carina Nebulası'na ait olandı.
Carina Nebulası
Carina Nebulası hem birçok yıldızın doğduğu hem de Samanyolu'ndaki en ışıklı ve patlak yıldızların bulunduğu geniş bir toz bulutu. Kızılötesi görüntülenen nebula, denizin kıyısından yükselen dik bir yamacı andırıyor. Üzerinde ise astronomların daha önce hiç görmediği yüzlerce yıldız ışıldıyor.
Teleskop projesinde görevli uzmanlardan Dr. Amber Straughn, "Bu görselde neyi öne çıkaracağıma karar vermek epey zamanımı aldı" dedi.
Fotoğrafta ayrıca bilim insanlarının ne olduğunu açıklamakta güçlük çektiği tuhaf, kıvrımlı yapılar bulunuyor.
Amber Straughn Uzay Teleskobu Bilim Enstitüsü'nde fotoğrafın sunumunu yapan astronom Dr. Amaya Moro-Martin, "Her zaman olduğu gibi beklenmedik şeylerle karşılaşmak mümkün. Bunun ne olduğuna dair hiçbir fikrimiz yok" dedi.
Webb önümüzdeki dönemde de bunun gibi keşiflere aracılık edecek. Daha önce hiç görmediğimiz ve açıklanmaya muhtaç birçok şey uzayda bizi bekliyor.
5) TELESKOP HALEN ÇOK HASSAS VE KIRILGAN James Webb Uzay Teleskobu gibi bir uzay aracının aynalarına evren tozu parçalarının çarpması kaçınılmazdı. Yine de Mayıs ayı sonlarında teleskobun aynalarından birine bir mikrometeorun beklenenin üzerinde zarar vermiş olduğunu fark etmek, NASA yetkilileri için sevimsiz bir sürpriz olmuştu.
NASA yetkilileri hasarın görüntülerde yarattığı etkinin neredeyse fark edilemez olduğunu ve Webb'in performansının halen beklentileri aştığını belirtti. Dahası mühendisler aynanın pozisyonunu değiştirerek hasarın yarattığı etkiyi ortadan kaldırmaya çalıştı.
Teleskobun aynaları uzay tozlarına karşı çok hassas Olay kamuoyuna yansımadan önce dört daha küçük mikrometeroid teleskoba çarpmıştı bile...
NASA'nın bilim misyonlarından sorumlu yöneticisi Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen, "Bizi en çok kaygılandıran şey mikrometeorlar" dedi.
Zurbuchen, NASA 'nın farklı uçuş seçeneklerini değerlendirdiğini, böylece tozların ön taraftaki aynalar yerine arka tarafa çarpmasının sağlanabileceğini de sözlerine ekledi.