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Dünya genelinde 43 milyonun üzerinde kişinin enfekte olduğu coronavirüs salgını ile ilgili son dakika haberler gelmeye devam ediyor. İnsanların hayatlarını büyük oranda etkileyen corona virüs diğer virüslerden neden farklı ve neden bu kadar öldürücü?
İşte koronavirüsü diğer virüslerden farklı kılan onu yaşamlarımız ve bedenlerimiz için bu kadar özgün bir tehdit haline getiren özellikleri...
YANILTMA USTASI BİR VİRÜS Enfeksiyonun ilk aşamalarında virüs insan vücudunu aldatabiliyor. Koronavirüs ciğerlerimiz ve solunum yollarımızda harıl harıl faaliyet gösterirken, bağışıklık sistemimize kendini belli etmemeyi başarabiliyor.
Cambridge Üniversitesi 'nden Profesör Paul Lehner "Bu virüs çok zeki, burnunuzda bir virüs fabrikası kurulmuşken kendinizi çok iyi hissedebiliyorsunuz" diyor.
Vücudumuza bir virüs girdiğinde hücrelerimiz normal olarak interferon adı verilen kimyasal bir madde salgılayarak bağışıklık sistemimize ve vücuda alarm veriyor.
Fakat koronavirüs bu kimyasal maddenin salgılanmasını vücudu "kandırarak" engelliyor. Bunu o kadar iyi yapıyor ki hastalandığımızın farkına bile varmıyoruz.
Profesör Lehner laboratuvarda enfekte olmuş hücrelere bakıldığında, testler "virüs diye avaz avaz bağırırken bile" bunların hastalıklı olduğunun anlaşılamadığını söylüyor.
'VUR-KAÇ VİRÜSÜ' Hastalandığımızı hissetmemizden bir gün kadar önce vücuttaki virüs miktarı en yüksek noktasına fırlıyor. Ama bu noktaya gelinceye kadar koronavirüs bir hafta kadar kendini hissettirmeden çoğaltmış oluyor. Dolayısıyla hastalandığımızı farkettiğimiz an genellikle hastaneye gidecek kadar ağırlaştığımız nokta da olabiliyor.
Profesör Lehner "Bu çok müthiş bir yayılma taktiği. Hasta olduğunuzu bilmediğiniz için evde yatağa bağlanıp izole olmuyor, aksine dışarı çıkıp eğlenmeye gidiyorsunuz" diyor.
SÜRAT YAPAN BİR SÜRÜCÜ GİBİ... Virüs bu şekilde delice sürat yapan bir sürücü gibi bir hastadan diğerine atlamayı sürdürüyor. Hasta henüz hastalandığını bile anlamadan başkalarını enfekte edebildiği için virüsün, yayılmasını sürdürmek için hastalarının ölmemesine de ihtiyacı yok.
Paul Lehner bu yüzden koronavirüsü "Vur-kaç virüsü" diye tanımlıyor. Bu 2002 yılında yaşanan SARS koronavirüsününkinden tamamen farklı bir taktik. SARS salgınında insanlar hastalandıklarını çabuk farkediyor ve virüsü de en çok bu aşamada bulaştırıyorlardı. Dolayısıyla kimin hasta olduğu belli olduğundan vakaları izole etmek mümkün oluyordu.
YENİ OLDUĞU İÇİN VÜCUT HAZIRLIKSIZ Dünyada etkisini hissettiren son büyük salgın 2009 yılındaki H1N1 ya da daha çok bilinen adıyla domuz gribiydi.
Salgın büyük kaygı yaratmıştı ama korkulduğu kadar büyük can kaybına yol açmadı çünkü bu daha önce karşılaştıkları bir virüse çok yakın olduğu için yaşlı nüfus bir ölçüde bağışıklık kazanmıştı.
Bilinen yaygın grip türlerine yol açan dört diğer koronavirüs tipi var. Manchester Üniversitesi'nden Profesör Tracy Hussel Covid-19'a yol açan koronavirüsün ise yeni bir tür olduğunu o nedenle nüfusun genelinde pek bir bağışıklık söz konusu olmadığını söylüyor.
BAĞIŞIKLIK SİSTEMİNDE ŞOK ETKİSİ Uzmanların Sars -CoV-2 olarak adlandırdıkları yeni koronavirüs bu nedenle bağışıklık sistemi üzerinde şok etkisi yaratabiliyor.
Önceden varolan bir virüs olmaması bakımından Avrupalıların Amerika kıtasına taşıdığı çiçek virüsünün yol açtığı gibi etkisi de ölümcül oluyor.
Sıfırdan bağışıklık inşa etmek yaşlılarda daha güç çünkü bağışıklık sistemleri zaten yavaşlamış ve yıpranmış oluyor. Bağışıklık sisteminin yeni bir enfeksiyonla nasıl savaşılacağını öğrenmesi uzun bir deneme-yanılma süreci gerektiriyor.
Fakat yaşlandığımızda bağışıklık sistemimizin en temel bileşenlerinden olan T hücreleri havuzumuzdaki çeşitlilik ve sayı da azalıyor. Bu nedenle koronavirüsle savaşacak olanların sayısı da azalmış oluyor.
YENİ KORONAVİRÜS VÜCUTTA BEKLENMEDİK ŞEYLERE YOL AÇIYOR Covid-19 bir akciğer hastalığı olarak başlıyor. Ama burada bile sıradışı ve tuhaf davranıyor ve bütün vücudu etkisi altına alabiliyor.
Londra 'daki King's College'dan Profesör Mauro Giacca, Covid'in bir çok yönüyle kendine özgü bir hastalık olduğunu hatta "yaygın herhangi bir viral hastalıktan farklı" olduğunu söylüyor.
Profesör Giacca virüsün sadece akciğer hücrelerini öldürmekle yetinmediğini aynı zamanda onları bozma etkisi yarattığını anlatıyor. Enfekte olan akciğer hücreler, birbirine yapışıp işlevsizleşen -sinsisya da denen- dev kütlelere dönüşüyor.
Ayrıca Profesör Giacca normal griplerden sonra ne kadar şiddetli olurlarsa olsunlar tam iyileşme gerçekleşebildiğini ama bunun Covid-19 için geçerli olmadığını da ekliyor.
Kan pıhtılaşması da Covid-19'da farklı seyreden bir durum. Doktorlar bazı durumlarda hastalara müdahale edemediklerini çünkü verdikleri ilaçların kanda derhal pıhtılaşmayla durdurulduğunu anlatıyorlar.
Yine Londra 'daki King's College'dan Profesör Beverly Hunt, Covid hastalarında kanda pıhtılaşmaya yol açan kimyasal maddelerin normalin yüzde 200, 300 hatta bazen 400 oranında üzerinde olabildiğini söylüyor.
Insida Health dergisine konuşan Profesör Hunt, "Açıkçası, uzun meslek hayatımda kan yoğunluğu bu kadar fazla bir hasta grubuna rastlamadım" diyor.
VÜCUDUN HER YERİNDE BULUNAN BİR ENZİME İHTİYAÇ DUYUYOR? BBC Türkçe'de yer alan haber göre; Vücudun tamamını etkileyen bu tür özellikler, virüsün hücrelerimizi enfekte etmek için kullandığı yolla ilgili. Virüs hücrelerimize girebilmek için antijen reseptörü ya da kısaca ACE reseptörü denen, kan, böbrekler ve karaciğer ve akciğer gibi vücudun her yerinde bulunan bir enzime ihtiyaç duyuyor.
Virüsün solunum sistemi dışında da etki göstermesi bazı hastalarda bağışıklık sisteminin aşırı çalışarak vücuda zarar vermesiyle sonuçlanabiliyor.
İNSANLIK GENEL OLARAK GEREKENDEN DAHA ŞİŞMAN Covid obez insanlarda çok daha etkili oluyor. Yağ dokusu arttıkça yoğun bakım ihtiyacı ve ölüm oranı da yükseliyor. Bu da yine bu hastalığa özgü, sıra dışı bir özellik. Cambridge Üniversitesi 'nden Profesör Stephen O'Rahilly, "Obezlikle olan kuvvetli ilişki diğer viral enfeksiyonlarda görmediğimiz bir şey. Diğer akciğer hastalıklarını obezler genellikle diğerlerine göre daha iyi atlatırlar" diyor.
Profesör O'Rahilly bunun Covid'e mahsus bir özellik gibi göründüğünü, sıradan bilinen griplerden farklı olduğunu söylüyor.
KARACİĞERE BİRİKEN YAĞLAR... Vücudun karaciğer gibi farklı organlarında biriken yağların, koronavirüs ile biraraya geldiklerinde metabolizma bozukluklarına yol açtıkları düşünülüyor.
Bu nedenle obez hastalarda vücuttaki enflamasyon düzeyinin yüksek olması ve kan pıhtılaşmasına yol açma ihtimali daha fazla.