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Pandemide yapılan yardımlar ve üzerine hemen ardından gelen Avrupa enerji krizi, Avrupa'daki ekonomik hasarı da iyice derinleştirdi. Hane halkının faturalarındaki artış ve sanayinin yavaşlaması, üç haneli yardım paketleri hazırlayan Avrupa'nın kamu borcunu hızla artırıyor ve daha rakamlara yansımayan kalemlerle birlikte katlanarak artacak.
PAKETLER KAVGA ÇIKARIYOR Sabah'ta yer alan habere göre, 10 yıl önce, Avrupa finansal krizin içindeyken, Almanya kemer sıkma politikasına öncülük etti. Şimdi Avrupa'nın geri kalanı, Almanya'nın enerji sübvansiyonlarına yoğun harcamaları konusunda öfkeli. AB'de - özellikle İtalya ve Fransa gibi ağır sıkletler - Almanya'nın tüketicileri ve işletmeleri enerji krizinin tüm etkilerinden korumak için geçen hafta açıkladığı 200 milyar euroluk devasa pakete karşı.
EN KÖTÜ DURUMDA OLAN İTALYA İtalya kıtadaki büyük ekonomiler arasında yüzde 151 ile en yüksek borçluluk oranına sahip ülke. İspanya ve Fransa da sırasıyla yüzde 118 ve 113 ile bu ülkeyi takip ediyor. Euro Bölgesi ortalaması yüzde 95.6 olurken bunun üç haneye çıkacağına da kesin gözüyle bakılıyor. İngiltere 'de de benzer bir rakam var. İngiltere'de bu oran yüzde 95.9. ABD 'de ise yine yüzde 99.6'lık bir rakam var.
KÜRESEL FİNANS KRİZİ RAKAMLARI AŞILDI 2008 küresel krizinin aşırı borcun tehlikelerini öğretmesi gerekiyordu. Ama o zamandan beri borçlanma arttı. Uluslararası Para Fonu 'na göre, hükümetlerin, şirketlerin ve hane halklarının borcu 2007'de küresel GSYİH'nın yüzde 195'iydi. 2020 sonunda ise bu rakam yüzde 256'ya ulaştı. Borç üç ana nedenden dolayı arttı. İlk olarak, hükümetler finansal sistemi kurtardı. Ardından pandemi sırasında devletler evlere ve şirketlere destek oldu. Şimdi de gaz ve elektrik fiyatlarının darbesini hafifletiyorlar.
ENFLASYON VE ENERJİ YOKSULLUĞUNDA ARTIŞ Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinin ağırlıkta olduğu Avrupa kıtasında enerji krizinin en şiddetli yankılarının görüldüğünü söylemek yanlış olmaz. 2020 verilerine göre yüzde 57,5 oranında dışa bağımlı olan 27 üye ülke, tükettiği petrol (yüzde 36,5), doğal gaz (yüzde 41,1) ve kömürü (yüzde 19,3) en fazla Rusya'dan ithal ediyor. Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı sonrasında uygulamaya başladığı yaptırımların da etkisiyle artan maliyetler karşısında AB oldukça zor bir sınav veriyor.
OECD ağustos verilerine göre AB-27'nin enflasyonu bir önceki yılın aynı dönemine kıyasla yüzde 10,1 artış kaydederken en yüksek enflasyon yüzde 24,8 ile Estonya'da görülüyor. İtalya 'da yüzde 8,4, Almanya 'da yüzde 7,9, Fransa 'da ise yüzde 5,9 olarak kayıtlara geçen enflasyon oranı İspanya , Yunanistan, Hollanda ve Polonya'da AB ortalamasının üzerinde seyrediyor. Enerji fiyatlarında meydana gelen yükseliş incelendiğinde ise AB ortalamasının yüzde 37,5 olduğu, en yüksek oranın yüzde 98,1 ile yine Estonya'da kaydedildiği görülüyor. Eylül ayında Kremlin'in Avrupa 'ya en fazla gaz taşıyan hat olan Kuzey Akım1'in gaz akışını kesmesinin ve yaklaşan kış mevsiminin de etkisiyle 2022'nin son aylarında enflasyonun daha da yükselmesi bekleniyor. Böylece 2021'de kıta genelinde 30 milyon olan enerji yoksulluğu altında yaşayan kişi sayısının da 80 milyonu aşacağına kesin gözüyle bakılıyor.
SERBEST PİYASA EKONOMİSİNDEN DEVLET MÜDAHALESİNE Avrupa ülkeleri enerji krizi ile artan enflasyon oranlarının yanı sıra krize karşı alınan veya planlanan önlemlerle de dikkat çekiyor. Komisyon öncülüğünde hazırlanan paketlerden sonuncusu, artan enerji fiyatları ile mücadele için bir dizi piyasa müdahalesini öngörüyor. Komisyon Başkanı Ursula von der Leyen tarafından açıklanan önlemler hane halkları ve sanayiciler üzerindeki fiyat baskısının gevşetilmesini amaçlamakla birlikte piyasa paydaşları tarafından eleştirilere neden oluyor.
Açıklanan önlemlerden ilki elektrik talebinin düşürülmesini amaçlıyor. Buna göre elektrik talebinin en yüksek olduğu saatlerde talebin yüzde 5 düşürülmesi, toplam elektrik talebinin ise 31 Mart 2023 tarihine dek yüzde 10 azaltılması planlanıyor. Doğal gaz yakıtlı elektrik santrallerinin elektrik fiyatları üzerinde oluşturduğu baskının bu şekilde hafifletilebileceği düşünülüyor. Üye ülkelerin inisiyatifine bırakılan bireysel önlemlerle talebin planlandığı gibi azaltılıp azaltılamayacağını zaman gösterecek ancak yüksek talebin saat dilimini değiştirebileceği gerçeği gözden kaçırılmışa benziyor.
Enerji şirketlerine mali destek sağlanması önerilerden bir diğeri. Halihazırda Almanya ve Fransa 'da bunun uç örnekleri görülmüştü. Almanya'da federal hükümet ülkedeki en büyük doğal gaz sağlayıcısı olan Uniper'in batışını önlemek, sanayicinin ve hane halkının doğal gaz tedarikini güvence altına almak amacıyla temmuz ayında şirketten yüzde 30 oranında hisse alımı gerçekleştirmişti. Eylül ayında ise şirketin millileştirilmesine karar verildiği kamuoyu ile paylaşıldı. Uniper, kontratlarının ağırlıklı olarak Rus Gazprom ile olması nedeniyle yalnızca 2022 yılında 15 milyon avroya yakın net zarar açıklamıştı. Federal hükümet Uniper'in yanı sıra VNG AG ve SEFE isimli iki doğal gaz tedarikçisini de millileştirmeyi tartışıyor. Gaz arzının yanı sıra petrol ürünleri tedarikinin de güvence altına alınabilmesi amacıyla Rus Rosneft'in Almanya'da faaliyet gösteren biriminin ve bağlı bulunan 3 petrol rafinerisindeki -ki bu rafineriler ülkedeki petrol arzının yüzde 12'sini karşılıyor- hisselerin de devlet kontrolüne alınması Almanya'nın planları arasında yer alıyor.
Fransa da geçen aylarda elektrik iletim şirketi EDF'nin millileştirilmesi yönündeki planlarını açıklamıştı. Şirket sahip olduğu 58 nükleer enerji santraliyle de ülkenin en büyük elektrik tedarikçisi konumunda. 4 Ekim'de yapılan açıklamaya göre şirketin millileştirilmesi süreci resmen başlatıldı. 14 Eylül tarihinde Komisyon tarafından açıklanan bu önerinin diğer üye ülkelerde de benzer adımlara neden olması bekleniyor. Zira çok sayıda hükümetin hayati önem arz eden enerji tedarikinin kesintiye uğramasından büyük endişe duyduğu biliniyor.
Yenilenebilir enerji, nükleer ve kömürden elektrik üreten şirketlere gelir sınırı uygulanması Komisyon tarafından sunulan üçüncü öneri. Buna göre bahsi geçen kaynaklarla elektrik üreten şirketler normal şartlar altında doğal gaza kıyasla daha düşük maliyetlerle elektrik satışı gerçekleştiriyor. Ancak son dönemde artan doğal gaz fiyatlarının gazla elektrik üreten santrallerin maliyetlerini yükseltmesi elektrik satış fiyatlarını da artırıyor. Bu sayede bu santraller normal şartlar altında satabileceklerinden daha yüksek fiyatlara elektrik satarak anormal gelir elde ediyor. Komisyon yenilenebilir, nükleer ve kömür ile elektrik üreten santrallere tavan fiyat belirlenmesini, tavan fiyatın üzerindeki gelirlerin de üye devletler tarafından toplanarak tüketicilerin maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi için kullanılmasını öneriyor.
Paketteki son öneri artan fiyatlardan yüksek kar elde eden fosil yakıt endüstrilerine ve rafinerilere yönelik. Üye devletler tarafından 2022 karları önceki üç yılın kar ortalamasının yüzde 20 üzerinde olan şirketlerden kar tahsili yapılması planlanıyor. Elde edilen gelirin de hane halklarına, yüksek fiyatlara maruz kalan şirketlere ve enerji yoğun endüstrilere dağıtılması öngörülüyor. Komisyon tarafından paylaşılan öneriler devlet müdahalesinin minimuma indirilmesini öngören, arz-talep dengesine dayanan ve fiyatların rekabetçi bir ortamda oluşması gerektiğini öne süren serbest piyasa ekonomisinin ruhuna aykırı olmakla eleştiriliyor. Buna karşılık bazı çevreler olağanüstü hallerde devletin müdahalesinin gerekli olduğu kanısında. Ancak bu müdahalenin ne kadar süreceği ekonomik sistemin geleceğini belirlemede önem arz ediyor.
KUZEY AKIM HASARLARI: YAPTIRIMLARIN KALDIRILMASI İÇİN SABOTAJ MI? 26 Eylül'de Avrupa 'ya en fazla gaz sağlayan hat olan Kuzey Akım 1'de ve tamamlanmasına karşılık henüz faaliyete alınmayan Kuzey Akım 2'de gaz sızıntıları tespit edilmişti. 3 ayrı noktada görülen sızıntılar deprem vb. doğal afet meydana gelmemesi nedeniyle kasıtlı saldırı ihtimallerini akla getirdi. Rusya dahil çok sayıda ülke durumu "sabotaj" olarak nitelerken Batılı ülkeler ise Rusya'nın kendi hatlarını sabote ettiğine inandıkları yönünde açıklamalarda bulundular. 3 Ekim'de Gazprom tarafından yapılan açıklamada sızıntıların durdurulduğu açıklandı. Daha da önemlisi ise şirket karar alınması halinde Kuzey Akım 2'den gaz akışı başlatabileceğini paylaştı. Bu durum Kremlin yönetiminin Kuzey Akım 2'nin durdurulan sürecinin devam ettirilmesi ve hattın açılması için baskı uyguladığı şeklinde yorumlanırken her iki hatta da halihazırda gaz akışının olmaması doğal gaz fiyatlarında önemli bir sıçramanın yaşanmamasını sağladı. Kömür ve petrol yaptırımları masada olan AB henüz doğal gaza yaptırım kararı almış değil ancak saldırıların Kuzey Akım 2'nin izin sürecinin olumlu yönde tamamlanması beklentilerini boşa çıkarabileceğine inanılıyor zira AB içindeki bazı çevrelere göre Rusya bu hamle ile güvenilir bir tedarikçi olmadığını bir kez daha kanıtladı.