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D ünü okuyup bugünü görmek, bugünü okuyup yarını sezmek istiyorsak daima 'büyük resme' bakmalıyız. Bu yazı dizisi işte büyük resmin arkasındaki şirkete ışık tutuyor. 17'inci yüzyıldan bu yana dünyanın kanını emen çok uluslu bu şirket stratejik konumlu pek çok ülkede cirit atıyor. Bu şirket ise Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyası ... Yani orijinal adıyla British East India Company ...
Sömürgecilik Avrupa ülkelerinin ekonomilerini geliştirmelerinde 15. yüzyıldan itibaren önemli bir yöntem oldu. 1580'de İngiliz Kaptan Drake, dünya turu yapmak için deniz yolculuğu ile New Hemisphere 'den yola çıktı. Ümit Burnu 'nu dolaşıp geri dönerken yanında yarım milyon poundluk ganimet getirdi. Bu da İngiliz burjuvazisinin bölgede ticaret yapma isteğini artırdı.
Bu gelişmeden sonra Britanya "Kraliyet Ayrıcalığı Tanınan Şirketler" kurdu. Company of Royal , Royal Afrıcon Company adlı şirketler de köle ticaretinden faydalanmak üzere kuruldu. Hudson's Bay Company ise Kuzey Amerika 'nın en eski şirketi.
HUDSON'S Bay Company Amerika -Kanada'da yerleşim ve ticaret işine odaklandı. Kumpanya kelimesinin ortaya çıkışı ise İtalya 'da oldu. Compagyıa Latince 'ekmeği bölüşmek'anlamına gelen CUM PANİS ifadesinden türedi! İngilizler Doğu'nun zenginliğini Londra 'ya akıtmak için özel bir strateji üzerinden ilerlediler.
1583'te İngiliz tüccarlar, Kraliçe Elizabeth'in Hindistan'da hakimiyet kuran Büyük Babür İmparatoru Ekber'e yazdığı bir mektupla yola çıktılar. Böylece Hint Okyanusu 'nda İngiliz ilerlemesi başladı.
31 Aralık 1600'de İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyası resmiyet kazandı. Şirketin amacı Doğu ticaretinde bir tekel oluşturmaktı. Tüccarlar aldıkları imtiyaz ile önce Endonezya 'ya yelken açtı. Ardından Hindistan'a demirlediler ve kumaş ticaretine girdiler.
Bu ticarette çok kan döktüler, hile yaptılar. Gıda ürünlerini stoklayarak milyonların ölümüne neden oldular ama doymadılar. İngiltere ve Batı'nın altın ve gümüşü Hindistan dokumaları karşılığında Doğu'ya aktı. Ancak buhar gücü, ip büküm ve ip eğirme makinelerinin keşfi bu durumu tersine çevirdi. İngiltere zorla Hindistan'a kumaş satar oldu. Hindistanlı dokumacıların baş parmaklarını bile kestiler.
ASKERİ GÜÇ ELDE ETTİLER Hindistan'da otorite boşluğunun olduğu dönemde Sihler isimli topluluk, merkezî yönetime karşı hareket etmeye başladı. Bu koşullarda Avrupa lı tüccarlar, kendilerini korumak istedi. "Sepoy" adı verilen Hintli askerleri eğiterek kendi askerî birliklerini oluşturdu.
ÇİN İLE AFYON SAVAŞI Kumpanya, ticaret uğruna Çin'e kaçak yollardan afyon satmaya başladı. Milyonlarca Çinli'yi afyona alıştırdı. Bu kârlı ticaret için imparatorluğu Çin ile savaşa soktu, Britanya ordusuna silah ve asker desteği verdi. Kumpanya bir devlet gibiydi. Hissedarlar dışında herkese karşı zorlayıcı ve sorumsuzdu. Hem uzak diyarlardaki uluslara hem de kendi ulusuna karşı devleti peşinden sürükledi. Askerî bakımdan güçlenen İngiliz kumpanyası Basra Körfezi ve Japonya'ya sefer düzenledi. Hindistan yolunu da kontrolü altına aldı.
İMPARATORLUK KURDULAR 1757'den itibaren ise Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyası giderek yayılırken, kendisi adına görev yapan ordu ile Hindistan'da yaklaşık 150 milyon insanın üzerinde bir imparatorluk kurmuştu. Britanya'nın 1699- 1774 yılları arasındaki toplam ithalatının yüzde 15'lik kısmını tek başına Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyası gerçekleştirdi. Britanya'ya getirilen her yedi poundluk malın biri kumpanya gemileriyle getiriliyor ve onun mezatlarında satılıyordu.