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Başta Marmara Denizi olmak üzere denizlerdeki müsilaj sorununun sebeplerinin araştırılarak alınması gereken önlemlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla kurulan Meclis Aratırma Komisyonu, raporunu tamamladı. 400 sayfalık raporda; müsilaja neden olan faktörlerin yanında kontrolü ve önlenmesine ilişkin öneriler de yer aldı.
'EYLEM PLANI ETKİN ŞEKİLDE UYGULANMALI' Müsilaj ın kontrolü, önlenmesi ve bir daha benzeri çevre sorunlarının yaşanmaması için; kentsel, endüstriyel, tarımsal ve denizcilik gibi faaliyetlerden kaynaklanan kirliliğin tespit edilmesi gerektiği; kirlilik kaynaklarının etkisinin ve kirlilik yükünün azaltılması amacıyla da eğitim ve farkındalık çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirtilerek, şöyle denildi:
"Marmara Denizi'ndeki kirliliğinin giderilmesi amacıyla Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı koordinasyonunda Marmara Denizi Havzası'nda yer alan valilikler, yerel yönetimler, ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlar, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve akademisyenlerin katılımlarıyla hazırlanarak 06 Haziran 2021 tarihinde kamuoyu ile paylaşılan 22 maddelik Marmara Denizi Eylem Planında belirtilen tüm eylemler birbirini tamamlar nitelikte düzenlenmiştir. Eylem Planının bu bütünlük dikkate alınarak etkin bir şekilde uygulanması, uygulamaların titizlikle takip edilmesi, denetlenmesi ve belirtilen standartlarda işletilmesi ile Marmara Denizi iyi çevresel duruma ulaşabilecektir. Eylem Planı kapsamında hazırlanan Marmara Denizi Bütünleşik Stratejik Planında yer alan faaliyet ve alt faaliyetler, ilgili ve sorumlu kurumlar tarafından belirtilen süreler içerisinde hassasiyetle uygulanmalıdır"
'ATIK SU YÜKÜ AZALTILMALI' Raporda ayrıca, hızlı nüfus artışına bağlı olarak artan su ihtiyacı, gün geçtikçe gelişen sanayi ve tarımsal faaliyetlere paralel olarak ortaya çıkan aşırı kullanım ve oluşan kirlilik nedeniyle yaşanan sorunların atık su yönetiminin önemini ortaya koyduğu vurgulanarak, şu ifadelere yer verildi: "Atık su yönetiminde temel prensip 'en az kirletme' ve 'maksimum geri kazanım' olmalıdır. Marmara Denizi Havzası'nda bulunan atık su yükünün azaltılması amacıyla öncelikli olarak kirliliği kaynağında önleme prensibine dayanan temiz üretim uygulamaları ile atık su debisinin ve kirlilik yükünün azaltılması sağlanmalı; oluşan atık suyun uygun arıtma yöntemleri ile arıtıldıktan sonra yeniden kullanım alternatifleri değerlendirilmeli ve bu tedbirlerin alınması sonrasında oluşan atık suyun deşarjı mevzuatta belirtilen standartlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmelidir. Arıtılmış evsel atık suların sanayide, park, bahçe ve yeşil alan sulamalarında kullanımı yaygınlaştırılmalıdır. Kullanılmış suların tekrar kullanılması hakkında yasal düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır. Gri suyun yeniden kullanımı yasal düzenlemelerle teşvik edilmelidir."
'ATIK SULAR İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ARITMAYA TABİ TUTULMALI' Evsel, endüstriyel, tarımsal ve diğer kullanımlar sonucunda kirlenmiş atık suların deşarj edildikleri alıcı ortamın fiziksel, kimyasal, bakteriyolojik ve ekolojik özelliklerini değiştirmeyecek hale getirmek için farklı arıtma yöntemleri kullanıldığı ve bu konunu su kaynaklarının korunmasında önem arz ettiği belirtilerek, şöyle denildi:
"Bu kapsamda tüm evsel ve endüstriyel atık sular ileri biyolojik arıtmaya tabi tutulmalı, arıtma tesislerinde su geri kazanımı sağlanmalı, Marmara Denizi'nin azot-fosfor yükünü azaltmak öncelikli tedbir olmalıdır. Mevcut durum ve modelleme çalışmaları dikkate alınarak yapılan önceliklendirmeler doğrultusunda planlı ve kademeli şekilde arıtmalar yapılmalı ve revize edilmelidir. Marmara Denizi'nin ekolojik seviyesini korumak için besin yükü azaltımı ihtiyacı dikkate alındığında her iki kaynağın (noktasal ve yayılı) olabilecek en etkin seviyede kontrolü gerekmekte olup, bölgede bulunan mevcut atık su arıtma tesislerinin tamamının ileri biyolojik arıtma tesisine dönüştürülmesi gerekmektedir. Marmara Denizi alt akıntısının arıtılmamış ve/veya yeterli arıtılmamış atık sular için seyrelme ve Karadeniz'e taşınması için bir konveyör olarak kullanılması prensibinden vazgeçilerek, fiziksel ve biyolojik evsel atık su arıtma tesislerinin ivedilikle ileri biyolojik arıtma tesisine dönüştürülmesi sağlanmalıdır."
TARIMSAL KAYNAKLI KİRLİLİĞİN ÖNLENMESİNE YÖNELİK TEDBİRLER Raporda, tarımsal kaynaklı kirliliğin önlenmesiyle ilgili de, şu ifadelere yer verildi: "Marmara Denizi'nde müsilaj oluşumunda en önemli faktör sudaki besin maddeleri (azot, fosfor) oranının artmasıdır. Bitkisel üretim amacıyla bitkinin ihtiyacından fazla verilen kimyasal gübreler ve hayvancılık işletmelerinde uygun depolanmayan hayvansal dışkılar ve silaj suları içerisinde bulunan besin maddeleri yüzey akışı ile yer üstü sularına, sızma yolu ile yer altı sularına karışarak kirlilik oluşturmaktadır. Tarımsal faaliyetler gerçekleştirilirken alınması gereken ve İyi Tarım Uygulamaları Kodunda da yer alan tedbirlere uyulmasının tarımsal kaynaklı kirliliği önemli ölçüde azaltacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Havza bazında pestisit, gübre ve diğer kimyasal bileşiklerin kullanımının kontrol altına alınması, bu tür kimyasalların kullanılması, üretilmesi, taşınması ve depolanması sırasında atıkların çevreye bırakılmasının önlenmesi yönünde sıkı tedbirler alınmalı, havza içerisinde organik gübre kullanımı teşvik edilmelidir. Zirai faaliyetlerde arazi yönetimi, gübreleme yönetimi teknikleri ile birlikte damla sulama sistemlerine geçilerek tarımsal gübre kullanımı kaynaklı kirleticilerin akarsulara geçişi sınırlandırılmalıdır. Marmara Denizi'ndeki müsilaj sorunu ve tarımsal kirliliği önlemeye yönelik tedbirler konusunda kamuoyu farkındalığı ve çiftçilerimizin bilinçlendirilmesi amacıyla kamu spotları hazırlanarak yerel ve ulusal kanallarda yayınlanması sağlanmalıdır"
KOMİSYON BAŞKANI DEMİR: ASIL KİRLETENLER İNSANLAR Müsilaj Araştırma Komisyonu Başkanı ve AK Parti İstanbul Milletvekili Mustafa Demir, müsilaja neden olan üç tane temel etken olduğunu belirterek, "Bir tanesi küresel ısınma nedeniyle suyun ısınması. İkincisi Marmara Denizi'nin jeolojik yapısı nedeniyle durgun bir suya sahip olması. Üçüncüsü Marmara Denizi'ni asıl kirletenler insan odaklı. Bunlara baktığımızda en çok kirleticiler kentsel atıklar. Gemilerin bıraktığı balast suları var, kötü tarım uygulamaları münasebetiyle gübreleme ve onun artıklarının denize ulaşması ama bunların hepsinin içerisinde asıl kirleticiler insan odaklı kirleticiler" dedi.
Marmara Denizi 'nin etrafında 5'i büyük şehir olmak üzere 7 il olduğunu ve biyolojik arıtma olmadan bu illerden Marmara Denizi'ne su verilmemesi gerektiğini kaydeden Demir, "Marmara'ya 7.5 milyon metreküp atık su veriliyor. Bunun yüzde 76'sı İstanbul odaklı. Her ne pahasına olursa olsun artık İstanbul'un ileri biyolojik arıtma tesislerinden geçmeden Marmara Denizi'ne su vermemesi lazım. Cumhurbaşkanımızın talimatıyla yasal çalışmaların alt yapısına başlandı. Hedefimiz, Marmara Denizi'ne artık suların verilmemesi" diye konuştu.