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Türkiye'nin insanlı ilk uzay görevinde yapılan 13 deneyden biri, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktor Öğretim Üyesi Berat Haznedaroğlu'nun liderliğinde hazırlanan ve mikroalg türlerinin karbondioksit yakalama performanslarının ve oksijen üretim kabiliyetlerinin belirlenmesini amaçlayan "UzMAn" deneyi oldu. İlk Türk astronot Alper Gezeravcı 'nın Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu'ndaki (ISS) çalışmaları sırasında gerçekleştirdiği deneye ait örnekler, geçen hafta dünyaya ulaştı.
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi nin Sarıtepe Kampüsü'nde başlayan incelemelerde, deneyin ilk çıktılarında, alglerin yerçekimsiz ortamda, kapalı mekanlarda bulunandan 3 ila 5 kat daha fazla karbondioksiti oksijene dönüştürme yeteneğine sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Bu bulgu, uzaydaki kapalı ortamlarda yaşam destek sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi ve uzun süreli uzay misyonlarında astronotların ihtiyaç duyduğu oksijenin sağlanması açısından önem taşıyor.
Haznedaroğlu'nun yürütücüsü olduğu projede, TÜBİTAK Marmara Araştırma Merkezi (TÜBİTAK MAM) ve İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesinden 8 bilim insanı yer alırken deney düzeneğinin hazırlanmasına TÜBİTAK Uzay Enstitüsü de destek sağladı. Deneyde ikisi kutuplardan izole edilen, biri ise hem tatlı hem de tuzlu suda yaşayabilen 3 farklı türde mikroalg test edildi.
Deney süreci ve deneyin ilk sonuçlarına ilişkin bilgi veren Haznedaroğlu, "Alper Bey, deneyin sonuncu gününde mikroalg türlerini özel hazırladığımız koruyucu solüsyona transfer etti ve o halleriyle beraber korunmasını sağladı. Algler soğuk zincire alınarak dünyaya dönüşü sağlandı, örneklerimiz Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'ne geldi." dedi.
Deney için Boğaziçi Üniversitesi İstanbul Mikroyosun Biyoteknolojileri Araştırma ve Geliştirme Birimi (İMBİYOTAB) çatısı altında, yaptıkları mikroalg reaktörlerinin bir minyatürünü oluşturduklarını ifade eden Haznedaroğlu, ilk etapta fırlatmaya 8 gün kala NASA laboratuvarlarında hazırlık aşamalarını gerçekleştirip yer çekimine maruz kalan deneyin korunmasını sağladıklarını, fırlatmaya 48 saat kala da Axiom ve SpaceX temsilcilerine deneyi teslim ettiklerini anlattı.
"DENEYDE KULLANILAN 3 MİKROALG TÜRÜ DE DÜZGÜN PERFORMANS GÖSTERDİ" Gezeravcı'nın Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu'na (ISS) ulaşmasının ardından, deneyi Avrupa Uzay Ajansı 'na (ESA) ait Columbus modülündeki sisteme bağlayıp çalıştırdığını ifade eden Haznedaroğlu, sonrasında yer bilgisayarıyla beraber uydu üstünden ilk verileri almaya başladıklarını belirtti.
Yosunları biraz daha zorlamak ve daha önce yapılmamış bir çalışmayı ortaya koyabilmek için proje paydaşlarından TÜBİTAK MAM'daki araştırmacıların geliştirdiği bir karbondioksit zenginleştirme ünitesini de deneye eklediklerini aktaran Haznedaroğlu, deneyin ilk sonucu hakkında şunları söyledi:
"Biz yaklaşık milyonda 500 birim gibi bulunan karbondioksit seviyesini daha da artırarak yaklaşık milyonda 2 bin, 2 bin 500 birime kadar çıkardık. Elde ettiğimiz verilerde bu seviyelerdeki karbondioksitin yaklaşık 3'te 1 kadar azaldığını gözlemleyebildik. Reaktörlerimiz toplamda 30 mililitrelik küçük reaktörlerdi ve dolu sistemleriyle beraber oksijene çevirme performansının aslında çok olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. UzMan deneyiyle beraber hava iyileştirmede yosunlarımızı kullanabileceğimizi kanıtlamış olduk."
Haznedaroğlu, "Yeterli ölçeklendirildiğinde orta boy bir mikroalg reaktörü aslında 3 mürettebatın 1 günde tükettiği karbondioksitin tamamını oksijene çevirebilecek potansiyele sahip, çalışmalarımız bunu gösteriyor." diye konuştu.
Uzaya gönderdikleri 3 mikroalg türünün de düzgün performans gösterdiğinin altını çizen Haznedaroğlu, bunları bir sonraki görevlerde kullanabilecekleri alg türleri arasına aldıklarını kaydetti.
"FONKSİYONEL GIDA ÜRETİMİ İÇİN DE ALGLER KULLANILABİLİR" Şu an uzay istasyonundaki karbondioksiti oksijene çeviren sistemlerin fiziksel ve mekanik sistemler olduğunu bildiren Haznedaroğlu, "Eğer bunlar bozulursa, Ay, Mars görevi gibi kolonileşme, üs kurma gibi durumlar oluştuğunda, Dünya'dan bir kargonun ulaştırılması en az altı ay ya da bir yıla kadar sürecek. Mekanik bir sistemin bozulması böyle bir durumda oradaki mürettebatın hayatını tehlikeye atabilir. O yüzden yosunların kendi kendine büyüyebilen, yenilenebilir sistemler olmaları önemli bir kazanç. UzMAn deneyiyle beraber hava iyileştirmede yosunlarımızı kullanabileceğimizi kanıtlamış olduk." şeklinde konuştu.
UzMAn deneyiyle aslında birden fazla amaçları olduğuna değinen Haznedaroğlu, antioksidanları, Omega-3'leri, vitaminleri olan, bağışıklık sistemini kuvvetlendiren ve astronotların oradaki enerji ihtiyacını sağlayabilecek fonksiyonel gıda üretimi için de alglerin kullanılabileceğini ortaya koyduklarını kaydetti.
Haznedaroğlu, sözlerini şöyle tamamladı:
"Deneyin ikinci aşamasında, algleri metabolik olarak incelemiş olacağız ve en fazla hangi fonksiyonel gıda ürünlerinin elde edilebileceğini anlamış olacağız. Ayrıca hangi mekanizmaların, oksijene çevirmede, onlara daha fazla katkısı olduğunu bilimsel olarak ortaya koymuş olacağız. İnsanların ihtiyaçları tamamen aynı. Enerji, gıda ihtiyaçları var. Uzayda diğer deneyler için yetiştirilen bitkilerin gübre ihtiyacı var. Bir hayvanın ihtiyacı olduğunda, onlara yem olarak kullanılabiliyor. Yarın değerli metallerin kazanılması, hidrojen üretimi gibi de çok farklı ticari uygulamalar için kullanılabileceğimize dair önemli veri elde etmiş olduk."