Kahramanmaraş'ın Pazarcık ilçesinde 6 Şubat saat 4.17'de 7,7; Elbistan ilçesinde saat 13.24'te 7,6 büyüklüğünde deprem olurken, Gaziantep'te de büyüklükleri 6,4 ile 6,5 olan iki deprem meydana geldi.
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Kahramanmaraş'ın Pazarcık ilçesinde 6 Şubat saat 4.17'de 7,7; Elbistan ilçesinde saat 13.24'te 7,6 büyüklüğünde deprem olurken, Gaziantep'te de büyüklükleri 6,4 ile 6,5 olan iki deprem meydana geldi.
Deprem, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Diyarbakır, Adana, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Malatya ve Hatay'da yıkıma yol açtı.
Asrın felaketi olarak kayıtlara geçen depremlerin ardından sahada incelemelerde bulunan ulusal ve uluslararası uzmanlar felaketin büyüklüğünün ender görüldüğü fikrinde birleşti.
YÜZLERCE KİLOMETRE UZANIYOR
Reuters'te hazırlanan incelemede yaşanan depremin büyüklüğüne ilişkin dikkat çekici veriler ortaya konuldu.
6 Şubat'ta meydana gelen 7,8 büyüklüğündeki deprem ve artçı sarsıntıların ardından Türkiye ve Suriye'nin kuzeyinde zemin yarıldı, çatladı ve farklı yönlere sürüklendi.
Arazinin zıt yönlerde 7 metreye (23 fit) kadar hareket ettiği iki net kırılma şimdi yüzlerce kilometre uzanıyor.
OLAĞANÜSTÜ ÇATLAKLAR
Daha büyük kırılmanın güney ucunda, ilk 7.8 büyüklüğündeki depremin merkez üssünden yaklaşık 150 km uzakta, Hatay ilinin Tepehan köyünde bile yüzeyde olağanüstü çatlaklar oluştu.
10 Şubat'ta çekilen drone görüntüleri, köydeki bir zeytinliği ikiye bölen çatlakları gösteriyordu.
Bölge sakini Mehmet Temizkan, "Gece 04:20 (0120GMT) civarında bir gürültüyle uyandık. İlk panikle kimse evden çıkıp çıkamayacağımızı veya hayatta kalıp kalamayacağımızı bilmiyordu. Umudumuzu yitirdik" dedi.
NASA'nın Jet Propulsion Laboratuvarı'nda jeofizikçi olan Eric Fielding, ajansın Dünya Gözlemevi web sitesinde yaptığı açıklamada, "Bunlar, uzun bir dizi fay segmenti üzerinde yüzeye kadar parçalanan çok büyük ve güçlü depremlerdi" dedi.
"Bu, insanlarla dolu birçok şehir ve kasabayı vuran çok geniş bir alanda son derece güçlü bir sarsıntı yarattı" dedi. "7.8 büyüklüğündeki depremin kırılma uzunluğu ve büyüklüğü, San Francisco'yu yerle bir eden 1906 depremine benziyordu."
ARAZİ YER DEĞİŞTİRDİ
Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstitüsü'nden Chris Milliner tarafından sağlanan verilere göre, yarıkların her iki tarafındaki arazi zıt yönlerde hareket etti ve bazı yerlerde başlangıç noktasından 7 metreye kadar yerleşti.
Ana deprem, 7 metreye varan yer değiştirmelerle uzun bir kırılma yaşadı. 7.5'lik artçı şoktan daha kısa olan kırılma, arazinin yer yer 5 metreye kadar yer değiştirdiğini gördü.
DÜMDÜZ PARÇALADI
Fay hattının hemen üzerindeki daha küçük kasabalar, en şiddetli sarsıntılardan bazılarına maruz kaldı. Ana kırılma, sanki bir haritadaki noktaları birleştiriyormuş gibi, bu yerleşim yerlerinin birçoğunu dümdüz parçaladı.
FAY HATTINDA YERLEŞİM
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Jeoloji Araştırması'nda bir sismolog olan Susan Hough, birçok durumda insanların kaynak nedenleriyle fay bölgelerinin yanında yaşadığını söyledi.
Hough, "Dağların eteğinde yaşıyorsanız, orada daha fazla su olabilir" dedi.
Analiz, fay zonunun yakınında inşa edilen yerleşim yerlerinin, kırılmaya yaklaştıkça daha yüksek nüfusa sahip olma eğiliminde olduğunu gösteriyor.
KAYALAR ÜZERİNE İNŞA
Ölümlerin ve bina çökmelerinin çoğu, fay bölgesinden uzaktaki büyük şehirlerde meydana geldi, ancak uzmanlar bunun, altta yatan coğrafyayla ilgili olduğunu söyledi.
British Geological Survey'den bir sismolog olan Margarita Segou, yer hareketini artırma eğiliminde olan ovaların yumuşak topraklardansa dağlık kayalar üzerine inşa etmenin daha güvenli olduğunu söyledi.
ŞEHİRLER PARÇALANDI
Uydu görüntüleri, yüzey yer değiştirmesini açıkça gösterdi.
Planet Labs'den alınan görüntüler, Türkiye'de Nurdağı yakınlarındaki bir köyün tam ortasından geçen ve zeminin iki yanından da birkaç metre hareket ettiği açıkça görülen bir yüzey kırılması gösteriyor.
Başka bir görüntü, Kahramanmaraş'ın güneyindeki fay hattı üzerinde yer alan komşu köy Tevekkeli yakınlarında uzun bir çatlak ve yüzey hareketini gösteriyor. Tüm köy birkaç metre hareket etmiş gibi görünüyor ve çatlaklar tarlaları ve yolları kesiyor.
FELAKETİN BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ
Depremler, Dünya'nın yüzeyinde iki büyük çatlak açtı ve bunlardan daha uzun olanı, Türkiye'nin güneyinde yaklaşık 300 km boyunca uzanıyor.
British Geological Survey'de fahri araştırma görevlisi olan Roger Musson, "Bu büyüklükteki bir deprem, fayın oldukça uzun bir ölçüde kırılmasına neden olur" dedi.
Çatlak, Tayvan, Güney Kore veya Portekiz'in uzunluğu ile karşılaştırılabilir.
Birleşik Krallık Deprem, Volkan ve Tektonik Gözlem ve Modelleme Merkezi'nin (COMET) başkanı Profesör Tim Wright, "Nüfuslu bir bölgede bu kadar uzun bir arızaya sahip olmak korkunç" dedi.
Uzmanlar, yüzey kırılmalarının, böylesine yıkıcı bir olaya neden olan süreçleri anlamalarına ve nihayetinde hayat kurtarmalarına yardımcı olacak değerli bir veri kaynağı sunduğunu söylüyor.
Wright, "Dünyanın dört bir yanındaki bilim adamları, olayın 'kaynak modellerini' oluşturmak için bu tür verileri kullanıyor" dedi ve bu tür modellerin, yapıların depremler sırasında nasıl davranacağını ve bunların köprüler ve yollar gibi temel altyapıyı nasıl etkileyebileceğini tahmin edebileceğini sözlerine ekledi.
"Uzun vadede, her depremi adli olarak anlamak, farklı bölgelerde gelecekteki olaylara hazırlanmamıza yardımcı oluyor."
İKİNCİ DEPREM MERCEK ALTINDA
DEÜ DAUM Müdürü ve Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Hasan Sözbilir, afet bölgesinde beraberindeki Elazığ Fırat Üniversitesi'nden Prof. Dr. Ercan Aksoy ve Dr. Elif Akgün, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi'nden Doç. Dr. Fikret Koçbulut, DEÜ'den öğretim görevlisi Dr. Özkan Cevdet Özdağ ve araştırma görevlisi Dr. Mustafa Softa, AFAD personelinden Jeoloji Mühendisi Ahmet Demir ve İnşaat Mühendisi Gökhan Arslan ile incelemeler yapıyor.
Kendisi de Hataylı olan, evleri ağır hasar gören ve ayrıca bazı uzak akrabaları göçük altında kalan Prof. Dr. Hasan Sözbilir, ikinci depremin etkisiyle ilgili yaptıkları çalışma hakkında bilgi verdi.
KIRILMAK YERİNE GERİLİM TRANSFERİ
Sözbilir, şunları söyledi:
"İkinci büyük depremin hangi faylar üzerinde geliştiği saptandı. Son 5 gündür, ikinci büyük depreme neden olan yüzey kırığını arazide haritalamaya çalışıyoruz. Hızlı hareket edebilmek için iki ekip şeklinde dolaşıyoruz. Gözlemlerimiz ikinci büyük depremin Çardak Fayı ve Doğanşehir Fayının kırılmasıyla oluşan iki segmentli bir deprem olduğunu göstermektedir. Yani iki fayın birlikte çalışarak 7.6 büyüklüğündeki depremi ürettiği söylenebilir. Bu durumda çok segmentli kırılmayla oluşan ilk büyük depremden 9 saat sonra meydana gelen ikinci büyük sarsıntı kırığı arasında uzanan Sürgü Fayı ise kırılmak yerine, gerilimi transfer etmiş olmalı."
HAYATİ DERECEDE ÖNEM TAŞIYOR
Depremin yer kabuğunu metrelerce ötelediğini belirten Prof. Dr. Hasan Sözbilir, "Bilindiği gibi bir depremin büyüklüğü ile kayma hızı arasında doğrusal bir ilişki var. İkinci büyük depremde 60 saniyede, 6,6 metre sol yanal ötelenmenin gerçekleştiğini anlıyoruz. Özellikle Malatya'nın Doğanşehir ilçesi, depremin sismik kaynağı olan Doğanşehir Fayı boyunca konumlandığından, yeni yapılanmanın bu fay zonunun dışına çekilmesi hayati derecede önem taşımaktadır" ifadelerini kullandı.