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lkemizin deprem kuşağında yer alması ve yaşanan şiddetli depremlerin yol açtığı yıkım, özellikle İstanbul ve Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki pek çok vatandaşın teyakkuza geçmesine sebep oldu. Bu vesileyle, evim depreme dayanıklı mı, sorgulama nasıl yapılır gibi sorular araştırma konusu halini aldı. Peki, bir binanın depreme dayanıklı olduğu nasıl anlaşılır? İşte depremde dayanıklı binaların özellikleri…
Bina dayanıklılık testi için tek bir kat malikinin başvurusu yeterli midir?
Ücretsiz bir başvuru ise örneğin İBB'ye başvuruyorsak bir kişinin başvurusu yeterli ama ücretli bir test isteyeceksek bunun maliyetini karşılamak adına en azından kat malikleriyle görüşmekte ve karar almakta fark var.
Ücretli ve ücretsiz test arasındaki fark nedir hem kapsam açısından hem de hukuki boyutu açısından?
Afet riski altındaki alanların hakkındaki kanun kısaca kentsel dönüşüm kapsamında test yaptırmak başka bir şey bu yasadan faydalanamadan test yaptırmak başka bir şey. Her ikisinde de binamız sağlam mı depreme dayanıklı mı diye test yaptırabiliyoruz bulunduğumuz yerlerdeki belediyelere başvuruyoruz benim örneğin oturduğum apartmanda bir tek malikin başvurması üzerine test yaptırabiliyor. Ücretli test için de bunun maliyetini karşılamak için bize danışmadan neden sen yaptırdın diye giderlerini ödemezler diye yaptırtmak lazım.
Kentsel dönüşüm yasası ndan yararlanmak için başvuruyorsak binamızın riskli yapı olup olmadığını anlamak halkın deyimiyle çürük raporu almak için başvuruyorsak bir tek malik başvurabilir. Binamız riskli çıkarsa başvuru sonucu kentsel dönüşüm yasası uyarınca önce 60 gün sonra 30 gün süre verilir. Bu sürede binayı tahliye etmemiz ve yıkmamız istenir eğer biz yıkmazsak kamu kurumaları gelir ve yıkar.
Kentsel dönüşüm yasasına başvurduğunuz anda binanız riskliyse geri dönüş yok. Özel bir test yapıldı ve binamızın çürük olduğu güçlendirme ihtiyacı olduğu ortaya çıktı. Kentsel dönüşüm diye nitelendirilen yasa olsaydı, bu yasa gibi tespit yapılsaydı süreç işliyordu özel yaptırdığımız için kentsel dönüşüm yasasına başvurmadığımız sürece o süreç işlemiyor ama binamız çok ağır hasarlıysa kamu kurumları gelip yıkabilir bu farklı bir konu.
Ücretli test için de genel kurul kararı gerekiyor değil mi?
Bunu siz de yaptırabilirsiniz. Ama onun maliyetini cebinizden karşılarsınız diğer maliklerden almanız gerekir, bunun bu yüzden Genel Kurul'da ele alınması gerekir. Riskli yapı süreci işlemiyor, bizi 90 gün içine tahliye ve yıkım süreci ile baş başa bırakmıyor.
Genel Kurul ne zaman devreye giriyor, o ücretin eşit olarak paylaştırılması anlamında mı?
Sitelerimizin anayasasıdır eğer yönetim planında farklı bir düzenleme yoksa eşit deniyorsa metrekareye göre demiyorsa bütün giderler arsa payına göre ödenir. Bu tür test ve güçlendirme giderleri yıkılıp yeniden güçlendirme giderleri arsa payına göre belirlenir.
Özel test yaptırmak için salt çoğunluk gerekir mi?
Binamızın özel testini yaptırmak istiyoruz ve çıkacak sonuca göre güçlendirme yapacağız. Böyle bir testin apartman yöneticisinin herkese 15 gün önce eline geçecek şekilde Genel Kurul toplaması gerekir. Binamızın güçlendirilmesine ilişkin karar salt çoğunlukla alınır.
Diyelim ki olumsuz bir karar çıktı buna mahkeme yoluyla başvurmak mümkün mü veya mahkeme yoluyla güçlendirme yapılabiliyor mu?
Benim 99 depreminde Yeşilyurt'ta somut davalarım oldu. Bilimsel olmayan yaklaşımlarla binamızın güçlendirilmesini ve testi istemeyenler oldu. İki malikle binanın riskli olduğunu güçlendirilmesi gerektiğini mahkeme kararıyla tespit ettirdik ve güçlendirme kararını aldık. Binanın güçlendirme ihtiyacı mahkeme kararıyla tespit edilmişse kat malikine gerek yok bir tek kişi bile istese o güçlendirme yapılabilir.
Herhangi bir rapor olmadan mahkemeye başvurabiliyor muyuz?
Evet siz diyelim böyle bir rapor alacak bütçeniz yok Genel Kurul toplanamıyor. Siz mahkemeye başvurarak binanın riskli olup olmadığının tespiti riskli ise güçlendirme ile ayakta kalıp kalmayacağının tespiti için dava açabilirsiniz.
Kiracılar ayrıca başvurabilir mi?
Depreme dayanıklı olup olmadığının tespiti için apartman yöneticisine kendisine kiraya veren kat malikine başvurabilir. Duyarsız kalmaları halinde ilgili kamu kurumlarına şikayet edebilirler ve bunlar yaptırmıyor, resen yapın diyebilir resen yapın denilebilir.
DEPREME DAYANIKLI BİNA NASIL ANLAŞILIR?
Deprem yönetmeliğine uygun şekilde incelemeler yapılırken kullanılan depreme dayanıklı bina belirleme yöntemleri arasında, öncelikle binanın yaşının kontrol edilmesi geliyor. Özellikle 1999 yılında yaşanan büyük Marmara depremi sonrasında devlet tarafından oluşturulan yeni deprem yönetmeliğine bağlı bir şekilde inşa edilen yapılar daha yüksek sağlamlık gösterirken, eski dönemlerde inşa edilmiş yapılar daha riskli konumda bulunuyor.
Kimi zaman bina sahipleri eski dönemde inşa edilmiş ve risk barındıran yapıları, dış cephe kaplama, boya ve hasar onarımları ile sağlam bir görünüme kavuştururken, bu yapılarda kullanım ömrü dolmuş ve tehlikeli bir durum ortaya çıkabiliyor. Oysa bir yapı ne kadar ilerleyen bir yaşa sahipse depreme karşı direniş gücü de o kadar azalıyor.
RİSK ALARMI VEREN 7 KRİTER
1) Bina 1999 yılında önce yapıldıysa
2) Bina projesiz ve ruhsatsız yapıldıysa
3) İnşaatta hazır beton kullanılmadıysa
4) Binadan daha önce alınmış karot beton dayanımı C1O altındaysa
5) Bina kolon ve kirişlerinde çatlaklıklar varsa
6) Bodrum katta rutubet, kolon demirlerinde paslanma, betonda deniz kabukları veya benzeri şeyler varsa
7) Bina dere yatağı, dolgudaysa riskli olma ihtimali var.
DEPREME DAYANIKLI EV NASIL OLUR?
Depreme dayanıklı ev için ilk kontrol edilmesi gereken şey, bina yapımında kullanılan malzemelerin kalitesidir. Bina yapımında hiçbir masraftan kaçınılmamalı, insan hayatı göz önünde bulundurularak en kaliteli malzemeler kullanılmalıdır. Demir ve inşaat malzemeleri güçlü, dayanıklı ve kaliteli seçilmelidir. Binanın yapılacağı zemin iyi analiz edilmeli ve ona göre bir inşaata başlanmalı. Daha riskli bölgelere daha az katlı binalar inşa edilmeli, kolon ve kirişlere özellikle dikkat edilmelidir.
BU YÖNTEMLE ANLAYABİLİRSİNİZ
Uzman kişileri çağırmadan önce evde kontrol edebileceğiniz yerler şu şekildedir;
Kolon ve kirişler : Çatlak olup olmadığı kontrol edilmelidir. Eksik ya da kesilen kolon varsa uzman çağrılmalıdır.
Zeminler: Zemini sert ve taş olan yapılar depreme dayanıklıdır. Su birikintisi içerisine, dolgu alanlara ya da çamurlu yerlere yapılan binalar risklidir.
Duvarlar: Çatlak olup olmadığına, duvarın inceliğine, yamulmalara bakılmalıdır.