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Ebu Şüca Muhammed bin Davud kimdir? sorusunun yanıtı Kim Milyoner Olmak İster izleyicileri tarafından arama motorları üzerinden sıklıkla araştırılanlar arasında yer aldı. Birbirinden ilginç sorular yarışmacılara yöneltildi ve izleyiciler de merakla cevapları öğrenmek istiyor. Kim Milyoner Olmak İster yeni bölümünde sorulan soruların yanıtlarını izleyiciler tarafından da merak edildi. İşte izleyicilerin araştırdığı o sorunun şıkları ve doğru yanıtı...
İŞTE MİLYONER'DE ÇOK KONUŞULAN O SORUNUN ŞIKLARI VE CEVABI
Soru: Ebu Şüca Muhammed bin Davud kimdir?
A) Timur
B) Alparslan
C) Selahaddin Eyyubi
D) Cengiz Han
Cevap: B şıkkı 'Alparslan'
ALPARSLAN KİMDİR?
Alp Arslan, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu'nun ikinci sultanı olan ve Türklerin Orta Asya'dan Anadolu'ya gelişlerini ve mücadelesini yöneten askeri komutan ve hükümdardır. Doğum adı Muhammed bin Davud Çağrı'dır. 1071 yılında Bizans İmparatorluğu hükümdarı Romen Diyojen ile yaptığı Malazgirt Muharebesi'ndeki başarısından dolayı tanınmaktadır.
HAYATI
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin kurucularından Horasan Valisi Çağrı Bey'in oğlu ve Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey'in yeğeni olan Alp Arslan, bu devletin kuruluş dönemindeki güç koşullarda yetişti. Doğum tarihini çeşitli kaynaklar 1029 ve 1032 yılları arasında gösterir. Tarih yazarlarının çok yiğit bir savaşçı olarak tanımladıkları hükümdar çok küçük yaşta ata binip ok atmayı öğrendi. İlk gençlik yıllarında arkadaşlarından oluşan kendi birliğiyle katıldığı Dandanakan vb. savaşlardaki başarısıyla dikkati çekti ve babasının ölümünden sonra Horasan valiliğini üstlendi.
Tuğrul Bey 1063'te ölünce Selçuklu ülkesinde taht kavgaları başladı. Oğlu olmayan Tuğrul Bey, vasiyetinde Çağrı Bey'in oğullarından Süleyman'ın tahta geçmesini vasiyet etmişti. Selçuklu veziri Amid ül-Mülk bu vasiyeti yerine getirdi ve Rey kentinde Süleyman'ı sultan olarak tahta çıkardı. Ancak Çağrı Bey'in öteki oğlu Alp Arslan ve Arslan Yabgunun oğlu Kutalmış ile bazı emir ve şehzadeler Süleyman'ın sultanlığını tanımadılar. Kazvin şehrinde Alp Arslan adına hutbe okundu. Kutalmış'ın Rey önüne gelerek şehri kuşatması üzerine, vezir Amid-ül Mülk, Alp Arslan'dan yardım istediği gibi, hutbeyi de onun adına okuttu. Kutalmış ise, Alp Arslan ile yaptığı Dameğan yakınlarındaki savaşta hayatını kaybetti. Alp Arslan Rey şehrinde Selçuklu Devleti tahtına çıktı. Daha sonra Amid ül-Mülk'ü azlederek, yerine Nizamülmülk'ü tayin etti.
İlk seferini Gürcistan ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'ne yaptı. Bu seferde oğlu Melikşah ve veziri Nizamülmülk de bulunuyordu. Bizans'ın elinde bulunan Kars ve Ani bölgesine kadar ilerleyerek buraları ele geçirdi. Bu fethi neticesinde Abbasi Halifesi Kaim bi-Emrillah, Sultan'a "Ebu'-Feth" (Fetihlerin babası) lakabını vermiştir (1064).
1065 yılı sonlarında Üst-yurd ve Mangışlak taraflarına bir sefer düzenledi. Bölgedeki Kıpçaklarla Türkmenleri idaresi altına aldı. Dedesi Selçuk Bey'in Cend kentindeki mezarını ziyaret edip, Merv kentine döndü (Mayıs 1066). 1067 yılında Kirman meliki olan kardeşi Kavurd'un isyanı sebebiyle Kirman üzerine yürüdü. Melik Kavurd öncü kuvvetleri mağlup olduğu zaman kalesine çekildi ve bir elçi göndererek affedilmesini istedi. Sultan bu isteği kabul ederek. Hatasına rağmen Kavurd'u affetmiştir ve Kirman Meliki olarak kalmasına izin vermiştir. 1068 yılında tekrar isyan eden Kavurd'un üzerine sefer düzenlese de ordudaki askerler arasında Kavurd yandaşlarının olabileceği sezgisiyle geri çekilmiştir.
Anadolu'da ise Tuğrul Bey tarafından yöneltilen Türkmen akınları devam etmekteydi.
Emir Afşin 1067 yılında Kayseri'yi ele geçirdi ve yağmaladı. Bunun üzerine Bizans İmparatoru Romen Diyojen Türkleri Anadolu'dan çıkartmak için 1068 yılında sefer çıktı ve Halep'e kadar ilerledi. Ancak bu hareket Türklerin akınlarının ilerlemesinde engel olmadı, hatta Amorium kenti ele geçirildi. İmparator Diyojen ikinci bir sefere çıktı ve bu sefer Fırat Nehri kenarına kadar ilerledi. Selçuklu akıncıları başka kollardan akınlara devam ederek Malatya'ya hücum ettiler ve Konya'yı tahrip ettiler.
Sultan Alp Arslan 1067 yılında ikinci defa Gürcistan seferine çıkmak zorunda kaldı. Gürcü kralı IV. Bagrat; Alanlar ile birleşerek Müslüman devleti olan Şeddadiler arazisine girmiş Erran'ı istila ve yağma edip, Gence'ye kadar ilerlemişlerdi. Sultan Alp Arslan 1067 yılında Erran'a geldi Şeddâdî emiri Fazl ile Şîrvân emiri Ebu'l-Esvâr itaatlerini bildirdikten sonra Gürcistan'a girdi, Şekki bölgesini aldı. IV. Bagrat ise, Selçuklular ile savaşa cesaret edemeyerek kaçtı. Sultan, Gürcistan'ın her tarafına akıncılar gönderip Tiflis'i ele geçirdi. Sonuç olarak Bagrat aman dileyerek Alp Arslan'a tâbi oldu.
Mekke Şerifi Muhammed b. Ebî Hâşim 1070 yılında Alp Arslan'ın huzuruna gelerek, Mekke'de hutbenin Abbasi Halifesi ve Selçuklu Sultanı adına okunduğunu bildirdi.
Sultan Alp Arslan, Fatımi devleti veziri Nâsır ed-Devle b. Hamdân'dan aldığı bir davet üzerine adı geçen devleti ortadan kaldırmak ve Mısır'ı ele geçirmek maksadıyla bir sefer düzenledi ve önce Bizans topraklarına girdi. Sultan ilk olarak Malazgirt ve Erciş'i ele geçirdi. Diyarbakır bölgesinde Süveyda (Siverek) ve Tulhum başta olmak üzere birçok kaleleri ele geçirdi. Daha sonra 1071 yılında Bizans hakimiyetindeki Urfa'yı kuşattıysa da başarılı olamadı. Urfa'dan Haleb'e hareket eden Sultan burayı kuşatarak Mirdasoğullarından Mahmûd tarafından şehrin anahtarlarını teslim aldı ve onu affederek makamını bağışladı. Şam'a yönelen Sultan; Bizans imparatoru Romen Diyojen'in büyük bir ordu toplayarak Müslüman topraklarına sefere çıktığını haber aldı ve süratle geri döndü. İki ordu Malazgirt Ovasında karşılaştı. Sultan Alp Arslan komutasındaki Selçuklu ordusu kendinden sayıca üstün olan Bizans ordusunu hilal taktiğiyle mağlup etti ve Bizans imparatoru Romen Diyojen'i esir aldı.
Sultan Alp Arslan batıda olduğu kadar doğuda da topraklarını genişletmeye çalışmıştı. Nitekim o zaman anlaşmazlığa düştüğü Karahanlılar üzerine bir sefer düzenledi ve Ceyhun Nehri'ni geçti. Ancak onun ölümü ile bu sefer yarıda kaldı. Yusuf El Harezmi adlı bir kale kumandanı Sultan'ı hançerleyerek ölümüne sebep oldu.
BİZANS'LA SAVAŞ
1068'de Bizans İmparatorluğu'na karşı savaş ilan ettikten sonra kazandıkları savaşlar Türkler'i Orta Doğu'ya doğru geri çevirmiş; bu başarılar Bizanslılar'ı, Türkler'i çıkarmak için Malazgirt'e kadar getirmiştir. Alp Arslan 1071 yılında, Türk tarihinin en önemli zaferlerinden biri olan Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'ni kazanmıştır.
Bu dönemde Bizans bir nevi fetret devri yaşamıştır. Alp Arslan, Bizans İmparatoru Romen Diyojen'in canını bağışlamış, onu sadece yıllık vergiye bağlayıp bir süre esir tutmuştur. Fidyesi ödenen Romen Diyojen ülkesine döndüğünde, tahtından indirilmiş ve VII. Mihail'in yeni bir Bizans imparatoru olarak tahta çıkmış olduğunu görmüştür. Tahtını geri almak için yaptığı savaşlarda mağlup düşmüş; kaçtığı Kilikya'da küçük bir kalede yakalanarak gözlerine mil çekilmiş; İstanbul'a getirilmiş ve Proti Adasına (Kınalıada'da) sürgün edilmiştir. Gözlerinin kör edilmesinden dolayı oluşan yaranın enfeksiyonu sonucu ölmüştür.
Bu nedenle Malazgirt Muharebesi sonunda esir düşen Romen Diyojen'in imzaladığı vergi ödeme vaadi geçersiz kalmıştır.
ÖLÜMÜ
Sultan Alp Arslan, Karahanlılar arasındaki iç mücadele ve Selçuklu topraklarına yaptıkları baskınları önlemek üzere 1072 yılının Eylül ayı sonlarında 200.000 kişilik büyük bir orduyla Türkistan bölgesine sefere çıktı. Seferde bir süre kuşatma altında tuttuğu Barzam (Berzem) kalesini teslim aldı. Huzuruna çıkan kale kumandanı Yusuf Hârizmi tarafından, çizmesine sakladığı küçük bir hançerle ağır şekilde yaralanan Alp Arslan dört gün sonra da hayatını kaybetti.
Türkmen takviminde 2002 yılından Temmuz 2008'e kadar Ağustos ayı Alp Arslan olarak adlandırılmıştır.
Merv şehrinde olduğu düşünülen mezarın tam yeri bilinmemektedir.